Appendix A:  Policy Decisions taken since
the 1998‑99 Budget
OUTLAYS
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Sugar Industry Assistance Package 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.2	4.4	3.9	2.8	

Explanation
The Government will provide assistance over four years to the sugar industry for research into increasing the sugar content levels of sugar cane and related priority research. This funding will be administered by the Sugar Research and Development Corporation, in full consultation with sugar industry representatives.
In addition, the Government will provide $550,000 in 1998‑99 to improve port loading facilities at Wyndham in Western Australia to facilitate the expansion of the sugar industry in this region.
Further Information
The distribution of the financial impact of this measure between years differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of minor adjustments, including changed timing for implementation.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Pork Industry Assistance Package
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
6.0	1.5	0.5	‑	

Explanation
The Government is providing funding over three years for a scheme of assistance to the pigmeat industry through investment grants to specialist pigmeat processors who invest in new plant and equipment to upgrade existing facilities and/or construct new facilities.
Further Information
The distribution of the financial impact of this measure between years differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of minor adjustments, including changed timing for implementation.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
East Gippsland floods — grant to Victorian Farmers Federation for fodder transport
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.1	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has provided funding in 1998‑99 to the Victorian Farmers Federation for the transportation of fodder to assist farmers in East Gippsland who have been affected by prolonged drought conditions followed by severe flooding during 1998.
Further Information
This funding has been offset by savings identified for the Rural Adjustment Scheme. See related Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry outlays measure entitled Savings from the Rural Adjustment Scheme to offset the grant to the Victorian Farmers Federation for fodder transport to East Gippsland.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Loxton Irrigation Area Water System — refurbishment 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.8	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has provided funding of $800,000 in 1998‑99 to enable the first stage of the infrastructure refurbishment of the Loxton Irrigation Scheme. This refurbishment will facilitate corporatisation of the Loxton Irrigation Area Water System.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Drought Exceptional Circumstances Assistance — Duaringa, Monaro C and Cobar/Wilcannia 
Financial Implications ($m)
	1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry	3.3	3.2	0.1	‑	
Family and Community Services	0.2	0.3	..	‑	
Health and Aged Care	0.1	0.1	‑	‑	
Total	3.6	3.5	0.1	‑	

Explanation
The Government has reinstated drought Exceptional Circumstances (EC) relief assistance for the northern third of the Duaringa shire in Queensland and portions of the Wilcannia and Cobar Rural Lands Protection Board Districts in NSW; as well as assistance for drought declared areas in an additional part of the Monaro region shire in NSW (known as Monaro C).
The Government has also provided funding to meet the costs of the delivery of exceptional circumstances assistance through Centrelink and State/Territory Rural Assistance Authorities for other EC declarations as funding for this purpose from the Rural Adjustment Scheme is no longer available as the Scheme is being phased out.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Drought Exceptional Circumstances Assistance — Wentworth and Broken Hill areas
Financial Implications ($m)
	1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry	1.3	1.4	0.2	‑	
Family and Community Services	0.2	0.2	0.1	‑	
Health and Aged Care	..	0.1	..	‑	
Total	1.5	1.7	0.3	‑	

Explanation
This funding reflects the exceptional circumstances assistance approved by the Government in September 1998, for the Wentworth Rural Lands Protection Board District and southern parts of the neighbouring Rural Lands Protection Board District of Broken Hill, New South Wales. This area has experienced a combination of adverse climatic events. 
The Rural Adjustment Scheme Advisory Council recommended that exceptional circumstances assistance be provided to eligible farmers in this area, for a 12 month period. Under the assistance arrangements, relief payments may be continued for a further period of up to 12 months.
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY
Savings from the Rural Adjustment Scheme to offset the grant to the Victorian Farmers Federation for fodder transport to East Gippsland
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑0.1	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has identified savings in funding for the Rural Adjustment Scheme to offset the costs of the grant provided to the Victorian Farmers Federation for fodder transport to East Gippsland.
Further Information
See related Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry outlays measure entitled East Gippsland floods — grant to Victorian Farmers Federation for fodder transport.
ATTORNEY‑GENERAL’S
Child Support — pilot services to assist parents when contact orders are made 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.4	0.6	0.6	‑	

Explanation
This initiative addresses problems being experienced by parents where contact with children ordered by the court is withheld by the custodial parent. The three pronged strategy: 
•	helps ensure compliance with contact orders; 
•	provides an alternative to costly court procedures; and 
•	provides an effective alternative to current penalties for breaches. 
A small number of pilot services will be established within community‑based agencies. The services will make available, in the pilot areas, education sessions for all parents with contact orders, assistance with conflict resolution, and will provide a compulsory diversionary programme for parents convicted of breaching an order.
ATTORNEY‑GENERAL’S
Australian Federal Police — resourcing needs and reform programme 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
27.4	21.9	16.0	‑	

Explanation
The Government has provided additional funding for the Australian Federal Police (AFP) over three years, to allow the organisation to implement a reform package. This decision provides funding for increased staff, training and development, equipment and upgrading forensic facilities, to improve the operational capability of the AFP.
The additional funding has been provided subject to the AFP attaining certain benchmarks related to implementation of the reform programme and is governed by the provision of a Budget Charter based on the Government’s law enforcement priorities.
Further Information
The Government will initiate discussions with the ACT Government on medium to long term arrangements for ACT policing which address both the community policing needs of the ACT and the law enforcement needs of the Commonwealth.
The distribution of the financial impact of this measure between years differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of revisions to the timing of implementation.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS
National Gallery of Australia — building repairs
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.6	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has provided funding for minor capital works for the National Gallery.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS
Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	50.0	50.0	50.0	

Explanation
As part of the Government’s social bonus, to be funded from the proceeds of the sale of the second tranche of Telstra, the Government has allocated up to $150 million over three years, from 1999‑2000 to 2001‑02, to allow abolition of Telstra’s pastoral call rate; and to provide untimed local calls in more areas of remote Australia.
The funds allocated will be used to upgrade telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia. 
Further Information
Detailed work on network design and funding will commence once the Telstra (Transition to Full Private Ownership) Bill 1998 is passed by the Parliament.
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Television Fund Initiative in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust in the Environment and Heritage portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — rural transaction centres in the Transport and Regional Services portfolio.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS 
Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	20.0	20.0	20.0	

Explanation
As part of the Government’s social bonus, to be funded from the proceeds of the sale of the second tranche of Telstra, the Government will allocate additional funding, over three years, to the Networking the Nation regional telecommunications programme.
This funding includes provision of $20 million to meet the telecommunications needs of remote and isolated island communities. The balance of the funding will be allocated to providing rural internet services and continuous mobile phone coverage on key major national highways.
Further Information
The five year Networking the Nation programme is funded from the Commonwealth’s Regional Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund which was initially set up in 1997 with $250 million derived from the initial one‑third sale of Telstra. 
The funding provided by this measure is in addition to that provided by the related Communications, Information Technology and the Arts outlays measure entitled Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation.
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Television Fund Initiative in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust in the Environment and Heritage portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — rural transaction centres in the Transport and Regional Services portfolio.
The distribution of the financial impact of this measure between years differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of a revision to the timing of its implementation.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS
Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	7.0	7.0	7.0	

Explanation
As part of the Government’s social bonus, to be funded from the proceeds of the sale of the second tranche of Telstra, the Government will allocate further additional funding, over three years, to the Networking the Nation regional telecommunications programme. 
This funding will contribute towards providing rural internet services and continuous mobile phone coverage on key major national highways.
Further Information
The funding provided by this measure is in addition to that provided by the related Communications, Information Technology and the Arts outlays measure entitled Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation.
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Television Fund Initiative in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust in the Environment and Heritage portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — rural transaction centres in the Transport and Regional Services portfolio.

COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS 
Telstra Social Bonus — Television fund initiative
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	24.0	24.0	24.0	

Explanation
As part of the Government’s social bonus, to be funded from the proceeds of the sale of the second tranche of Telstra, the Government will provide additional funding to deliver SBS television to transmission areas of more than 10,000 people and eliminate between 200 and 250 television reception black spots.
Further Information
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust in the Environment and Heritage portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — rural transaction centres in the Transport and Regional Services portfolio.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS 
Grant to John Saunders Foundation 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
1.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
To ensure that the Sydney Jewish Museum has a secure future, the Government has provided a grant to the John Saunders Foundation.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS 
Australian Broadcasting Authority — funding for planning requirements related to digital broadcasting 
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.5	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has provided additional funding to the Australian Broadcasting Authority in 1998‑99 to facilitate forward planning for the introduction of digital television broadcasting on 1 January 2001.
Further Information
See also related Communications, Information Technology and the Arts outlays measure entitled Savings in running costs — offsets to funding Australian Broadcasting Authority for planning requirements related to digital broadcasting.
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS 
Savings in running costs — offsets to funding Australian Broadcasting Authority for planning requirements related to digital broadcasting 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑0.5	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Following the Government’s decision to provide additional funding to the Australian Broadcasting Authority to facilitate forward planning for the introduction of digital television broadcasting, offsetting savings have been identified within the running costs of the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts.

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS
Additional funding to Catholic Education Systems 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
135.3	98.3	103.8	106.6	

Explanation
The Government will provide increased funding to the Catholic school systems in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory. This decision follows an independent assessment of the needs of these systems conducted by the Non‑government Schools Funding Review Committee. The committee was appointed by the Minister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs to advise on any significant changes in financial need which warrant increased Commonwealth funding to non‑government school systems. The measure takes effect from 1 January 1998.
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS
Extra student places for James Cook University
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
2.1	4.6	5.4	5.6	

Explanation
To support access to higher education, particularly for potential students from Far North Queensland, the Government will provide funding to support an additional 450 student places in 1999 at James Cook University. This initiative is consistent with the Government’s commitment to support access to higher education for students from rural and isolated areas.

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS
Strategic Partnerships — Industry Research and Training Scheme
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	12.4	23.4	24.0	

Explanation
The Government is providing additional funding for the Strategic Partnerships — Industry, Research and Training (SPIRT) Scheme. The Scheme supports collaboration between higher education institutions and industry by funding collaborative research projects, awards and fellowships. The Scheme also attracts financial support from industry, broadening the financial base of universities. The additional Commonwealth funding will maintain the baseline level of new grants and provide continuing support for ongoing activities.
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS
Short‑term Emergency Assistance for School‑term Hostels
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.3	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government will provide short‑term emergency funding for some school‑term hostels in significant financial difficulty. This is an interim measure to ensure the continued existence of school term hostels until a long term solution is agreed at the next meeting of the Ministerial Council on Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, scheduled for March 1999.

EMPLOYMENT, WORKPLACE RELATIONS AND SMALL BUSInESS
Enhancement to Job Network Services
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
38.9	16.6	‑	‑	

Explanation
In August 1998, the Government announced enhancements to Job Network services for unemployed people. The measure provides for payments to Job Network agencies to place unemployed people not on benefits in a job, including people with redundancy packages or working partners. Job Network providers supplying job matching services will receive a market development grant of $10,000 for each site, to further enhance the competitive market in employment services.
Further Information
See also the related Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business outlays measure entitled Employment Services Market — reprioritisation of funding.
EMPLOYMENT, WORKPLACE RELATIONS AND SMALL BUSINESS
Employment Services Market — reprioritisation of funding
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑25.4	‑10.1	‑	‑	

Explanation
This measure provides for the reprioritisation and redirection of funding allocated for the Employment Services Market in order to provide part of the funding to assist in accelerating the development of the Job Network services for the unemployed.
Further Information
See also the related Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business outlays measure entitled Enhancement to Job Network Services.
ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE
Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑	‑	250.0	

Explanation
The Government made a commitment to provide additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust of Australia in 2001‑02. This measure forms part of the Government’s social bonus to be funded from the sale of the second tranche of Telstra.
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Television Fund Initiative in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Rural Transaction Centres in the Transport and Regional Services portfolio.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Child Care Communication Strategy — enhancement of information activities 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
2.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The government will continue and broaden the existing public awareness campaign to alert families to:
•	the existence of the Childcare Access Hotline and the information it can give to parents about child care centres and help with the costs of child care; and
•	changes to income testing for Childcare Assistance for school age children, which commenced in April 1998.
The campaign was broadened to promote families’ awareness of Childcare Assistance and the Childcare Rebate that assist in meeting the cost of child care.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Apply full rate of rent assistance to people lodging in marginal accommodation — bring forward implementation to 1 January 1999 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.5	‑0.4	..	..	

Explanation
In the 1998‑99 Budget, the Government announced that it would restore eligibility for the full rate of rent assistance to recipients who lodge in marginal accommodation, such as hostels, boarding houses and private hotels. The Government has decided that implementation of that decision should be brought forward from 1 July 1999 to 1 January 1999.
Restoring eligibility for the full rate of rent assistance to these recipients recognises that they are not able to obtain the same cost benefits as those in shared or group housing.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES 
Salvation Army — leadership training in the delivery of social welfare and health related services
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	

Explanation
The Government will provide a grant of $2 million over four years to the Salvation Army to support training for leadership in social welfare and health related services. More specifically, the purpose of the funding is to establish and deliver specific courses related to social welfare, service delivery and management. The grant is provided through the business and community sector partnerships initiative.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Exempt Farm Family Restart Scheme re‑establishment grants from income test lump sum provisions
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
2.9	1.7	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has decided that, from 1 July 1998, re‑establishment grants under the Family Farm Restart Scheme will no longer be assessed for social security payments.
Further Information
The Farm Family Restart Scheme, which commenced on 1 December 1997 and operates for two years, provides low income farmers who wish to leave farming with access to a re‑establishment grant.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Extension of Youth Homelessness Pilot Programme 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
2.3	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Youth Homelessness Pilot projects were established to identify and promote community‑based service models that assist young homeless people, or those at risk of homelessness, to achieve reconciliation with their families. Where reconciliation is not possible, the pilot projects have provided opportunities for re‑engagement with work, education or training, and involvement in the community. The pilot projects have been overseen by the Prime Ministerial Youth Homelessness Taskforce.
The programme, which was due to expire on 31 December 1998, has been extended for a further six months, to 30 June 1999, while the Government considers its response to the final report from the Youth Homelessness Taskforce.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Ex Gratia payments to pensioners without departure certificates 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.2	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has decided to make ex gratia payments to a group of social security recipients who experienced hardship because their benefits were discontinued when they left Australia without obtaining a departure certificate.
Since 1989, pensioners intending to leave Australia for more than six months have been required to obtain departure certificates if they wished to continue to receive Australian income support payments. However, in 1995 the Government at the time believed that in some circumstances pensions were being unfairly cancelled. The Social Security Act 1991 was amended to allow greater flexibility for pensioners travelling overseas from 1 January 1995. This ex gratia payment compensates those pensioners who experienced hardship due to the application of the legislation prior to 1995. 
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Additional funding for medical assessments for disability support payments
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
12.7	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Medical assessments are used to assist in establishing initial and continuing eligibility for disability related payments. The Government has provided additional funding in 1998‑99 for these assessments to account for the current anticipated demand for these services.

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
Grants to family relationship support organisations — services to support men in their family relationships 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
1.5	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government is making grants to community organisations to assist men in their family relationships. These grants will allow for new support services to be established to achieve more effective outcomes for men and their families seeking assistance to build and maintain healthy relationships, including the appropriate management of separation and divorce.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES  
Optical surveillance to assist in detecting cases of serious social security fraud
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑8.6	‑16.5	‑18.3	‑18.8	

Explanation
The Government has decided that Centrelink will contract reputable surveillance providers to assist in investigating up to 2,000 cases of serious social security fraud in a full year. The measure, which is to be implemented from 1 January 1999, is expected to significantly reduce cases of serious fraud on the social security system.
Surveillance will be instituted only after careful consideration of whether such action is in the public interest and after all alternative methods of investigation have been exhausted. Private surveillance companies contracted by Centrelink will be required to adhere to all relevant privacy legislation, guidelines and conditions.

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES  
Ex Gratia payment for Disability Support Pension recipients affected by the implementation of Youth Allowance 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.3	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has decided to make ex gratia payments to Disability Support Pension (DSP) recipients affected by the introduction of Youth Allowance. 
The ex gratia payments would ensure that the new indexed rates would apply until the Social Security Legislation Amendment (Youth Allowance Consolidation) Bill 1999 aligns all DSP youth rates to equivalent categories of Youth Allowance rates and provides similar indexation arrangements. 
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY SERVICES  
Ex Gratia payment for Austudy recipients affected by the implementation of Youth Allowance
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.2	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has decided to make ex gratia payments to two groups of former AUSTUDY recipients whose rates were affected by the establishment of the Youth Allowance on 1 July 1998.
This ex gratia payment will maintain the alignment of Youth Allowance/AUSTUDY payment and other income support payments for eligible clients. This alignment encourages income support clients to return to education by maintaining the rate of income support previously provided under AUSTUDY. The ex gratia payment will provide additional support until the rates are changed by legislation.
The affected groups are:
•	students who are partnered without children and who have commenced full‑time study after a period of at least 26 weeks receiving income support payments. Payments will be increased by $26.10 per fortnight for each student;  and
•	students who are single parents with dependent children who were also receiving AUSTUDY. Payments will be increased by $25.40 per fortnight for each student.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters — Report on the 1996 Election — funding of Government response 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	5.1	4.2	4.2	

Explanation
The Government has provided additional funding for the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) for upgrading witnessing arrangements and proof of identity checks for new electoral enrolments as recommended in the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters Report on the 1996 Election.
Further Information
This measure reflects the need for service delivery agencies to check identity documents, witness enrolments and forward the enrolment application to the AEC, for which the agencies will charge the AEC a fee.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Restoration of Harrick’s Cottage — grant to Brimbank Council
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.1	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
In May 1998, the Government agreed to transfer Harrick’s Cottage and its surrounding site to the Brimbank Council, Victoria. The cottage is listed on the Commonwealth Register of the National Estate and the Australian Heritage Commission supports the protection of the property. This measure reflects a grant from the Commonwealth for urgent structural repairs to the building, conditional on the Brimbank City Council implementing a long term management regime for the maintenance of the property. 
Further Information
See related Finance and Administration outlays measure entitled Administrative savings in management of non‑commercial estate — Harrick’s Cottage and St Peter’s Church.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Grant to St Peter’s Church, East Melbourne
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.4	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Commonwealth has provided a grant to St Peter’s Church, East Melbourne to allow it to lease suitable replacement accommodation in the area for a ‘drop‑in’ centre, which has hitherto been located in the Mission Building within the Casselden Place office precinct in Melbourne. This Commonwealth property complex is listed for sale in 1998‑99. This grant provides funds to St Peter’s Church in lieu of a previous on‑going commitment from the Commonwealth, under which the Church had access to the Mission Building to provide its ‘drop‑in’ services.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Administrative savings in management of non‑commercial estate — Harrick’s Cottage and St Peter’s Church
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑0.5	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Offsetting savings have been identified within the funding for Estate Management, following the Government’s decision to make grants to: 
•	Brimbank City Council for the restoration of Harrick’s Cottage; and
•	St Peter’s Church East Melbourne, to lease replacement accommodation for a 
drop‑in centre.
Further Information
See related Finance and Administration measures titled Restoration of Harrick’s Cottage — grant to Brimbank Council and Grant to St Peter’s Church, East Melbourne.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Natural disaster mitigation studies 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	

Explanation
In August 1998, the Government announced it would provide financial assistance on a dollar for dollar basis with the State and local governments to enable risk management and mitigation studies to be undertaken across Australia. These risk assessments will identify measures which can be taken in advance of natural disasters occurring, and will assist in reducing or eliminating the disaster risk or reducing the severity of its impact on communities and the environment.
This new initiative is consistent with a recent change to the Natural Disaster Relief Authority determination, through which the Commonwealth has put State and Territory governments on notice that, in areas where disasters have recurred and have caused significant or widespread community disruption and damage, State and local government agencies will be required to have demonstrated acceptable disaster mitigation strategies as a condition for obtaining funding under Natural Disaster Relief Arrangements to assist in the restoration and repair of public assets.
Further Information
See related Finance and Administration outlays measure titled Natural disaster mitigation studies — funded from within Natural Disaster Relief Assistance.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Natural disaster mitigation studies — funded from within Natural Disaster Relief Assistance 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑3.0	‑3.0	‑3.0	‑3.0	

Explanation
The funding announced by the Government in August 1998 will provide financial assistance for the States and Territories and local governments to enable risk management and mitigation studies to be undertaken across Australia. It is expected to result in offsetting savings in Natural Disaster Relief Arrangements outlays to the States and Territories, particularly in those areas where there are recurring natural disasters.
Further Information
See related Finance and Administration outlays measure titled Natural disaster mitigation studies.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Victoria Emergency Fund 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
100.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Prime Minister announced on 2 October 1998 that grants for emergency assistance funding, totalling up to $100 million, would be provided to persons and small business affected by the interruption to the Victorian gas supply. The assistance includes:
•	cash grants equivalent to Newstart Allowances, to be administered through Centrelink, to workers who were stood down and who were unable to access immediate assistance to relief;
•	grants to Victoria and other affected States to enable them to provide assistance to small business directly affected by the interruption to the gas supply; and 
•	emergency relief funding, to be administered by the Department of Family and Community Services, for community organisations dealing with the frail aged, disabled and other disadvantaged groups in the community.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Payment to the administrator of Cobar Mines Pty Ltd
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.1	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
In August 1998 the Prime Minister announced that an ex gratia payment would be made to the administrator of Cobar Mines Pty Ltd for distribution to ex‑employees and unsecured third party trade creditors. This payment is equivalent to the amount of tax payable by the company and will minimise the financial impact on ex‑employees and small businesses in Cobar following the closure of Cobar Mines in 1997.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Costs associated with the privatisation of the Wool International stockpile
Financial Implications ($m)
	1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
Finance and Administration	4.0	-	-	-	
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry	0.5	-	-	-	
Total	4.5	-	-	-	

Explanation
The Government has decided to transfer ownership and control of the wool stockpile to the woolgrowers who paid for it and to withdraw the Government from participation in this aspect of the wool industry. Wool International, a Commonwealth statutory authority, currently manages the wool stockpile.
The Government’s objective is to effect the transfer of the wool stockpile from 1 July 1999.
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Reimbursement of costs associated with the privatisation of the Wool International stockpile 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
-	-	-	-	

Explanation
This measure reflects the reimbursement from Wool International for the costs associated with its privatisation following the Government decision to demutualise the organisation and withdraw from its participation in this aspect of the wool industry.
This measure will reduce headline outlays by $4.5 million in 1998‑99. The Commonwealth’s underlying budget position is not affected by this reimbursement.

HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Australian Health Care Agreements — additional funding to the States
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
182.0	192.7	169.2	180.1	

Explanation
The Government has agreed to provide additional funding of $915 million over five years for the Australian Health Care Agreements (AHCA), which were signed in August 1998 by the Commonwealth and all States and Territories, except Western Australia and Tasmania. The latter States continue to receive funding primarily on the basis of the offer while negotiations on the finalisation of the Agreements continue.
The AHCA funding arrangements took effect from 1 July 1998. The additional funding has been allocated to base hospital funding (including funding for mental health, palliative care and hospital quality enhancement programmes) and State specific health initiatives of $850 million and $65 million, respectively, over the life of the Agreements.
This decision increases funding under the new AHCA arrangements to $3.8 billion over the life of the Agreements.
Further Information
At the Premiers’ Conference in March 1998, the Commonwealth proposed funding arrangements for new five‑year AHCAs to replace the previous Medicare Agreements, which expired on 30 June 1998. 
The 1998‑99 Budget increased related Commonwealth spending by $2.9 billion:
•	funding for the 1998‑2003 AHCA included an increase of around $2.1 billion over five years in addition to what would have been provided had the Medicare Agreements continued in their previous form; and
•	a further $750 million over five years will be provided through the Veterans’ Affairs portfolio to allow full cost purchasing of hospital treatment for entitled veterans.

HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Establish an Institute of Clinical Studies
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	5.0	5.1	‑	

Explanation
The Government has decided to provide financial support for the establishment of a National Institute of Clinical Studies, which will provide resources for evidence‑based clinical practice. The work of the Institute will assist in improving health outcomes and containing health costs in the public and private systems. It will work with clinicians and their teams to develop and implement best practice clinical care through acquiring and developing clinical care measurement and assessment skills and process management techniques. Funding will be subject to a review after two years of operation.
HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Private health insurance industry reforms — re‑insurance consultancy and consumer information service 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.8	0.5	0.5	0.5	

Explanation
The Government is providing funding for two initiatives that will contribute to reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and value of private health insurance in the medium to longer term. 
The first is a review of the private health insurance industry’s re‑insurance arrangements which will be conducted during the first half of 1999. Re‑insurance is an equalisation scheme regulated by the Government to support the legislative requirements of community rating. Re‑insurance arrangements have the potential to underpin important structural reforms to stabilise the private health insurance industry. Industry and consumer groups will be consulted about objectives for the review and the proposed final model. 
Under the second initiative, the Government will work with industry and consumer bodies to develop a consumer information service on health funds and their comparative performance against industry benchmarks.
HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Additional aged care places in rural and regional communities 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.3	1.1	1.5	1.5	

Explanation
In the May 1998 allocation round for aged care places, demand was very strong and exceeded the number of places available in rural and regional Australia. The Government will provide 200 additional aged care places in rural and regional communities. The measure will assist frail elderly Australians in rural and regional areas to gain access to appropriate residential care. 
Further Information
See also the related Health and Aged Care outlays measure entitled Transfer of aged care places to rural and regional communities.
The financial impact of this measure differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of minor adjustments, including changed timing for implementation.
HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Transfer of aged care places to rural and regional communities
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑1.6	‑1.7	‑1.7	

Explanation
The Government has agreed to transfer 200 places from existing Aged Care funding to provide additional aged care places in rural and regional communities. 
Further Information
See also related Health and Aged Care outlays measure entitled Additional aged care places in rural and regional communities. 
The financial impact of this measure differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of minor adjustments, including changed timing for implementation.
HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Additional funding for residential aged care services continuing to receive additional recurrent funding
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.6	1.3	2.4	3.1	

Explanation
Currently, under the Aged Care Act 1997, providers with additional recurrent funding grants are not able to access accommodation payments unless they first relinquish their grant.
The Government will permit residential aged care service facilities which currently receive additional recurrent funding to charge newly incoming residents an accommodation charge while at the same time (and at the same rate) the facility’s additional recurrent funding is phased out. The measure will significantly assist some residential aged care services with the transition to new capital arrangements put in place under the aged care reforms.
This arrangement applies from 1 July 1999. Funding in 1998‑99 is provided for computer systems and other set‑up costs.
HEALTH AND AGED CARE
Assistance to remote Aboriginal communities to purchase aviation fuel (Avgas) instead of petrol to combat petrol sniffing 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.5	1.0	1.0	1.0	

Explanation
The Government is providing funding to ensure that more affordable aviation fuel (Avgas) is available in remote Aboriginal communities which have undertaken to combat petrol sniffing by keeping their communities petrol‑free. These communities have decided to use Avgas in their vehicles instead of petrol.
This funding will be used to offset the excise paid on Avgas, to ensure that it is available in those communities at a similar price to petrol.
IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS
Student Visa Programme — additional compliance and processing costs
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.5	3.7	4.2	4.8	

Explanation
This initiative addresses a range of issues associated with the student visa programme identified in the Government’s 1996‑97 review of the programme. It will improve the programme’s capability to support the overseas educational services sector in attracting more overseas fee‑paying students to Australia, while at the same time preventing people abusing the system. The recommendations will:
•	streamline visa application and processing arrangements for low risk categories of applicants; and
•	ensure temporary entrants to Australia on student visas are genuine and fulfil their obligations and do not default on their visa conditions.
Further Information
See also the related revenue measure entitled Student visa programme — additional revenue from visa processing.
IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS
Extension of Electronic Travel Authority to Hong Kong and Taiwan — offsetting savings 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑9.5	‑10.3	‑11.1	

Explanation
The decision to extend Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) arrangements to Hong Kong and Taiwan will result in a reduction of revenue from non‑ETA visa processing, which requires offsetting savings to neutralise the impact on the budget balance. The Government will consider the options for delivering this offset in the context of the 1999‑2000 Budget. 
Further Information
See also related revenue measure entitled Extension of Electronic Travel Authority to Hong Kong and Taiwan from 1 July 1999.
INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND RESOURCES
Assistance to Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Leather industries
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑	10.2	144.7	

Explanation
In July 1998, the Government announced the Strategic Investment Programme (SIP) for the textile, clothing, footwear and leather (TCF) industries. This is a five‑year, $700 million programme commencing in July 2000, which is intended to encourage investment and modernisation of these industries. 
Further Information
The SIP complements (and is additional to) the Government’s previously announced Post 2000 initiatives for TCF industries. The other decisions reported in the 1997‑98 Mid‑Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook and the 1998‑99 Budget include a TCF Technology Development Fund, a National Centre for Excellence in Training and a Market Development Programme.
The financial impact of this measure in 2001‑02 differs from that disclosed in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook as a consequence of a redistribution in economic parameters since that time.
INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND RESOURCES
Australian Commonwealth Games Association — grant to assist its preparation for, and involvement in, the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.4	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Prime Minister announced the Government provided funding to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association to ensure the Association could properly transport and equip its teams at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.
INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND RESOURCES 
Investment incentives for Visy Pulp and Paper mill project
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	3.0	3.0	3.0	

Explanation
The Government has provided an incentive package of $40 million over five years from 1999‑2000 to Visy Industries to establish an unbleached mini kraft pulp and paper mill in Tumut, New South Wales. Of the $40 million incentive package, $25 million will come from existing programmes.
The package is provided under the Government’s strategic investment incentives programme announced in Investing for Growth in December 1997. The investment incentives programme is designed to provide investment incentives for eligible projects which would not otherwise come to Australia and from which a significant economic and employment benefit is expected to result. In the case of this project, it was clear that without Government support the project was unlikely to proceed.
The project involves a major capital investment of $450 million and will provide significant benefits for the local area. It is expected to create around 1,000 direct and indirect jobs including 250 jobs in the construction phase and 145 full time jobs when the mill is fully operational.
PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET
Federation Fund — revised funding profile 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	100.0	‑	‑100.0	

Explanation
Assistance totalling $100 million from the Federation Fund will be brought forward from 2001‑02 to 1999‑2000 in order to ensure that a higher proportion of approved projects are able to be completed in time for the Centenary of Federation in 2001.
Further Information
The Federation Fund’s revised funding profile, which includes the additional funding approved by the Government in August 1998 for 1999‑2000, is now $100 million in 1998‑99, $306.8 million in 1999‑2000, $300 million in 2000‑01 and $300 million in 2001‑02.
See also the related Prime Minister and Cabinet outlays measure entitled Federation Fund — additional funding.
PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET
Federation Fund — additional funding
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	6.8	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government decided in August 1998 to increase Federation Fund assistance by $6.8 million to provide appropriate levels of assistance for the combination of major projects approved around Australia.
Further Information
See also the related Prime Minister and Cabinet outlays measure entitled Federation Fund — revised funding profile.
PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET
Flood relief — Wollongong 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.1	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Following the devastating floods in Wollongong in August 1998, the Prime Minister approved a Commonwealth contribution of $100,000 to the Lord Mayor’s Relief Fund for the victims of the floods.

PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET
Referendum on the Republic
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
5.4	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Following the Government’s decision in July 1998 that planning should proceed for a Referendum on the Republic in 1999, funding has been provided for initial preparations and activities, including a public education programme based on recommendations from the Constitutional Convention.
Funding for the conduct of the national poll and information activities will be considered in the 1999‑2000 Budget.
TRANSPORT AND REGIONAL SERVICES
Sydney to Canberra Very High Speed Train Project — proving up phase 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
1.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government will contribute $1 million towards the cost of the proving up phase of the Sydney to Canberra Very High Speed Train Project. It has been provided on the condition that the NSW and ACT Governments each contribute $1 million. The costs of the proving up phase will be refunded out of the fee that will be paid by the successful bidder if the project proceeds to construction.

TRANSPORT AND REGIONAL SERVICES
Northern Territory Indigenous Health Infrastructure 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
10.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government has extended funding for the Northern Territory Indigenous Health Infrastructure Programme. This programme funds the construction and enhancement of infrastructure to improve living conditions and health standards for indigenous people in the Northern Territory.
TRANSPORT AND REGIONAL SERVICES 
Telstra Social Bonus — Rural Transaction Centres 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
1.0	30.0	30.0	9.0	

Explanation
As part of the Government’s social bonus, to be funded from the proceeds of sale of the second tranche of Telstra, the Government will fund the establishment of up to 500 rural transaction centres. Rural transaction centres will fill the gaps in banking, postal, phone, fax, medicare claim and other services in smaller towns that are no longer able to attract some or all of these services.
See also the following related outlays measures:
•	Telstra Social Bonus — upgrade of the telecommunications infrastructure in remote Australia to facilitate the abolition of pastoral call rate in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — further increased funding for Networking the Nation in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;
•	Telstra Social Bonus — Television Fund Initiative in the Communications, Information Technology and the Arts portfolio;  and
•	Telstra Social Bonus — additional funding for the Natural Heritage Trust in the Environment and Heritage portfolio.
TREASURY
Community education and information programme on the tax system 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Funding of $3 million has been allocated, from an overall $10 million programme in 1998‑99, for an education and information programme to inform the public of the nature of the Australian taxation system and the changes required to reform it. The information will assist taxpayers understand the nature of reform to the tax system and how it affects them, which will result in better compliance and the development of a more efficient revenue base.
Further Information
See related Treasury outlays measures entitled Community education and information programme on the tax system — private health insurance rebate and Community education and information programme on the tax system — tax reform call centres.
TREASURY
Community education and information programme on the tax system — private health insurance rebate
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
2.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Funding of $2 million has been allocated, from an overall $10 million information and education programme in 1998‑99, to inform the public of the nature of the Australian taxation system and the changes required to reform it. The information provided under this measure will assist taxpayers to better understand the nature of reforms to the tax system as it affects health programmes.
Further Information
See related Treasury outlays measures entitled Community education and information programme on the tax system and Community education and information programme on the tax system — tax reform call centres.
TREASURY
Community education and information programme on the tax system — tax reform call centres
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
5.0	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
Funding of $5 million has been allocated, from an overall $10 million education and information programme in 1998‑99, for the establishment of call centres. The information and education programme is designed to assist taxpayers understand the nature of taxation reform and will result in better compliance and the development of a more efficient revenue base. The call centres will enable the public to easily access information on the nature of the Australian taxation system and the changes required to reform it.
Further Information
See related Treasury outlays measures entitled Community education and information programme on the tax system and Community education and information programme on the tax system — private health insurance rebate.
The financial impact of this measure differs from that published in the September 1998 Pre‑Election Economic and Fiscal Outlook due to an extension of the programme.

TREASURY
A New Tax System
Financial Implications ($m)
	1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001–02	
Contingency Reserve	‑	‑	‑537.0	‑568.0	
Education, Training and Youth Affairs	‑	‑	7.5	6.9	
Employment, Workplace Relations					
 and Small Business	‑	500.0	‑	‑	
Family and Community Services	‑	‑	4209.3	3014.8	
Health and Aged Care	322.0	949.0	1016.0	1089.0	
Transport and Regional Services	‑	‑	‑1335.7	‑1382.2	
Treasury	5.0	448.0	‑15644.0	‑15117.0	
Veterans’ Affairs	‑	‑	395.9	219.5	
Total	327.0	1897.0	‑11888.0	‑12737.0	

Explanation
On 13 August 1998, the Government announced a major taxation reform package, A New Tax System. The reforms encompass both outlays and revenue measures. Revenue estimates are presented in the revenue section of this Appendix. Key outlays decisions include:
•	the replacement of the general purpose assistance to State and local governments with the revenue from the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST);
•	increases in income support and related payments, and income and assets test free areas, which more than offset the price impact of the GST;
•	an aged persons savings bonus of up to $1,000 per person and self‑funded retirees supplementary bonus of up to $2,000, to maintain the value of the savings and retirement income of older people;
•	a reduction in the taper rate applied to pensions, allowing pensioners to earn more income without affecting their benefits; 
•	increase of family assistance in the form of a family tax benefit (equivalent to doubling the tax free threshold under the family tax initiative), increasing the means test and reducing taper rates for family tax benefits;
•	a 30 per cent tax rebate/benefit for the cost of private health insurance premiums to be introduced on 1 January 1999, to assist families and individuals with the cost of private health insurance; 
•	provision of up to $500 million to assist with GST startup costs for small and medium businesses; and
•	a diesel fuel credit delivered through the GST system to be introduced for registered businesses, removing the need for the Diesel Fuel Rebate Scheme.
The proposed changes will begin to come into effect from the first half of 1999 with the implementation of the private health insurance initiative. The remaining outlays measures will be introduced with implementation of A New Tax System to begin in July 2000, subject to the necessary legislative changes. 
The Commonwealth will also provide a one‑year interest‑free loan to the States in 2000‑01 to offset their financing shortfall in that year arising from the introduction of the GST. This measure will increase headline outlays in 2000‑01 and reduce headline outlays in 2001‑02 by an equivalent amount. The Commonwealth’s underlying budget position is not affected by this measure.
VETERANS’ AFFAIRS
Extend rent assistance eligibility for the Veterans’ Children Education Scheme
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001–02	
0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	

Explanation
This initiative, which took effect from 1 July 1998, extends non‑means tested rent assistance to Veterans' Children Education Scheme students aged 16 and over who receive the Living Away From Home education allowance. This measure aligns allowances from the Veterans' Children Education Scheme with those provided under the Youth Allowance.

Revenue
Taxation revenue
Defer start date for opting out of the Superannuation Guarantee System
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑0.7	‑	‑	‑	

Explanation
The Government announced in the 1996‑97 Budget its intention to allow employees earning $450 to $900 per month from an employer the opportunity to receive wages or salary in lieu of Superannuation Guarantee contributions from 1 July 1998. The reduced flow of money into superannuation results in lower contributions tax revenue but this is more than offset by additional income tax revenue.
On 13 May 1998, the Government announced that the new commencement date for the arrangements to allow low‑income earners to opt out of the superannuation system would be 1 July 1999. Postponing the commencement of the measure to 1999‑2000 implies that there will be more money flowing into superannuation (and higher contributions tax revenue) than previously expected in 1998‑99, but this is more than offset by lower income tax revenue.
Cessation of TCF Import Credit Scheme
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑	107.0	120.0	

Explanation
As part of the post‑2000 assistance arrangements for the Textiles, Clothing and Footwear (TCF) industry, the details of which were announced on 10 July 1998, the Government confirmed that the Import Credit Scheme would terminate on 30 June 2000, as scheduled. It will be replaced by the TCF Strategic Investment Programme.

Extension of TCF Overseas Assembly Provisions 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
0.0	0.0	‑8.0	‑8.0	

Explanation
Established in 1993, the current Overseas Assembly Provisions (OAP) allow Textiles, Clothing and Footwear (TCF) firms to import duty free the local content of clothing cut to shape in Australia but assembled overseas. As part of the post‑2000 assistance arrangements for the TCF industry, the details of which were announced on 10 July 1998, the scheme is to be extended from 1 January 1999 to December 2004. Coverage will be expanded to include the conversion offshore of cut or uncut fabric and leather into finished goods, and to enable some post‑assembly operations to be undertaken offshore.
Tax Reform Package
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	739.0	‑16651.0	‑17541.0	

Explanation
On 13 August 1998, the Government announced a major taxation reform package, A New Tax System. The reforms encompass both outlays and revenue measures. Outlays estimates are presented on page 72. Key revenue measures include:
•	lower personal income tax rates; 
•	abolition of Wholesale Sales Tax;
•	introduction of a Goods and Services Tax;
•	abolition of nine State and Territory taxes; and
•	reform of business taxes.

Administrative changes to Project By‑Law Scheme
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑0.5	‑0.6	‑0.6	‑0.7	

Explanation
On 23 June 1998, the Minister for Industry, Science and Tourism and the Minister for Customs and Consumer Affairs announced certain administrative changes to policy by‑laws administered on a project basis (‘project by‑laws’). The changes, effective from 1 August 1998, relate to concessional items 45, 46, and 56 of Schedule 4 of the Customs Tariff Act 1995 which permit duty‑free entry of certain capital equipment not manufactured in Australia. Under the new, quicker arrangements, requests, assessment and decision making will be made within 90 days. A statement from the Industrial Supplies Office Network (ISONET) or a tariff concession order will now be required to demonstrate that the capital equipment is not manufactured in Australia.
Removal of Tariffs on Medical and Scientific Equipment 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑20.2	‑28.4	‑33.2	‑38.8	

Explanation
The Minister for Industry, Science and Tourism announced on 24 July 1998 that the remaining tariffs on medical and scientific equipment covered by headings 9011 to 9033 (inclusive) of the Customs Tariff, but excluding any goods included in the passenger motor vehicle plan, would be reduced to zero. Implemented on 1 September 1998, this decision forms part of the Government’s response to the Industry Commission’s 1996 inquiry into the medical and scientific equipment industries. 
Taxation Treatment on Disposal of Mining Property
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
*	*	*	*	
*	This measure protects revenue.
Explanation
The Government announced on 3 December 1998 a legislative response to a 22 July 1998 Full Federal Court decision in Esso Australia Resources Ltd v FCT, to ensure that the tax treatment on disposal of mining property continues to operate as previously applied. The amendment will apply to disposals of mining property which occur from 4pm AEST on 3 December 1998 and will ensure that mining taxpayers will receive deductions for the full amount of capital expenditure which is allowable under the mining provisions.
Prior to the Court decision, the reference to capital expenditure for the purpose of determining balancing adjustments was confined to capital expenditure which is deductible under the mining provisions. However, the Court decision will allow certain expenditure which is not deductible under the mining provisions, such as under the exploration and prospecting and the allowable capital expenditure provisions, to become an allowable deduction at the time when the mining property ceases to be used for mining purposes.
non‑taxation revenue
Student Visa Programme — additional revenue from visa processing 
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
3.9	4.1	4.6	5.2	

Explanation
The Government has established a range of new processing charges for applicants for student visas. It is estimated that $17.8 million will be raised over 1998‑99 to 2001‑02 to provide additional resources to enhance the integrity of the student visa programme. These resources will enable streamlined visa application and processing for low risk applicants, and ensure temporary entrants to Australia on student visas are genuine, fulfil their obligations and do not default on visa conditions.
Further Information
See also related Immigration and Multicultural Affairs outlays measure entitled Student visa programme — additional compliance and processing costs.
Extension of Electronic Travel Authority to Hong Kong and Taiwan from 1 July 1999
Financial Implications ($m)
1998‑99	1999‑00	2000‑01	2001‑02	
‑	‑9.5	‑10.5	‑11.6	

Explanation
This initiative extends Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) arrangements to Hong Kong and Taiwan with effect from 1 July 1999. It is in line with a Government decision to extend ETA arrangements for high volume, low risk tourism markets where effective and secure arrangements exist for local processing of visa applications.
Further Information
The extension of ETA to Hong Kong and Taiwan will result in a reduction in the collection of the higher rates of revenue attributable to non‑ETA visa processing. The Government has decided that offsetting savings will be required to neutralise the impact of this initiative on the budget balance. 
See also related Immigration and Multicultural Affairs outlays measure entitled Extension of Electronic Travel Authority to Hong Kong and Taiwan — offsetting savings.

Appendix B:  Statement of Risks
OVERVIEW
The forward estimates of revenue and outlays in the MYEFO incorporate assumptions and judgements based on information available at the time of publication. A range of factors may influence the actual budget outcome in future years. The Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998 requires these to be disclosed in a Statement of Risks in each Economic and Fiscal Outlook Report. The purpose of this report is to increase the transparency of the fiscal projections.
Events which could affect fiscal outcomes include:
•	changes in economic and other parameters;
•	matters which have not been included in the fiscal forecasts because of uncertainty about their timing, magnitude or whether they will eventuate; and
•	the realisation of contingent liabilities.
Economic and Other Parameters
Some degree of uncertainty is attached to budget time and forward estimates for both revenues and outlays. For example, past experience indicates that the actual revenue outcome could vary from the initial estimate by about 2¼ per cent on average for the budget year.
The major factor influencing expected outlays and revenues in any year is typically changes in forecasts of economic and non‑economic parameters. Differences between the economic parameter forecasts and outcomes have not caused any clear bias toward understatement or overstatement of outlays and revenue — and therefore the budget balance. The sensitivity of the estimates to major economic parameters (but not other parameters) is discussed in Appendix C.
Differences in non‑economic (programme‑specific) parameter forecasts and outcomes, however, have been strongly biased towards an understatement of outlays in recent years. Programme‑specific parameters are assumptions underpinning some particular programme estimates, eg client numbers and/or average rates payable on family payments, family tax payments and disability support pension programmes.
Fiscal Risks
Fiscal risks are general developments or specific events which may have an effect on the fiscal outlook. In some cases, the events will simply raise the possibility of some fiscal impact. In other cases, some fiscal impact will be reasonably certain, but it will not be included in the forward estimates because the timing or magnitude is not known. Fiscal risks may affect outlays and/or revenue and may be positive or negative.

Specific sources of fiscal risk include:
•	litigation currently before the courts; and
•	possible Senate rejection of budget measures.
Some fiscal risks are reflected in the Outlays Contingency Reserve and are therefore included in the aggregate outlays figuring. The Contingency Reserve is an allowance included in aggregate outlays to reflect anticipated events which cannot be assigned to individual programmes at budget time. These items are also not included in the Statement of Risks. Fiscal risks in the Contingency Reserve include expected running costs carryovers from 1998‑99 to 1999‑2000, and allowances for the established tendency for estimates of some programme expenditure to be overstated in the budget year and understated in the forward years.
Matters that are not currently under active consideration by Government, or pressure from interests outside the Government for changes in spending levels, are not treated as fiscal risks.
Contingent Liabilities
Contingent liabilities differ from fiscal risks in that they are generally more readily quantifiable and clearly defined.
Contingent liabilities are defined as costs the Government will have to face if a particular event occurs. They include loan guarantees, non‑loan guarantees, warranties, indemnities, uncalled capital and letters of comfort.
The Commonwealth's major exposure to contingent liabilities arises out of legislation providing guarantees over certain liabilities of Commonwealth controlled financial institutions (ie the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation) and the now fully privatised Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Other substantial non‑loan guarantees include guaranteed payments from Telstra Corporation Ltd to the Telstra Superannuation Scheme.
The strategies for managing these exposures are aimed at ensuring the underlying strength and viability of the entities, so that the guarantees are not triggered. Similar strategies apply to entities not subject to explicit guarantees.
Other arrangements are in place governing the entering into, and monitoring of, contingent liabilities such as indemnities and uncalled capital. Uncalled capital is primarily associated with international financial institutions such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Arrangements for capital contributions, including contingent liabilities, are approved by Parliament and reports on the institutions are provided annually by the Government to Parliament.
Consistent with Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) standards, transactions concerned with the management of international reserves and the monetary system are classified as financing transactions (and do not impact on the budget balance). Therefore, contingent liabilities (and assets) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are not shown below.
details of fiscal risks and contingent liabilities
Fiscal risks and contingent liabilities with a possible impact on the forward estimates greater than $20 million in any one year, or $40 million over the forward estimates period, are listed below. Information on fiscal risks takes account of decisions of Parliament and other developments up to the close of parliamentary business on 10 December 1998. In general, information on contingent liabilities is based on information provided by departments and agencies and is current to 31 October 1998 (or a later date as indicated where that information is available). However, for the guarantees under the Commonwealth Bank Sale Act 1995 and the Telstra Corporation Ltd superannuation guarantee, the latest reliable information available on the balance of guarantees outstanding was at the end of June 1998. 
Information on contingent liabilities is provided in annual financial statements of departments and non‑budget entities.
Fiscal Risks — Revenue
Revenue forecasts, like all forecasts, are subject to a margin of error. Over the previous ten years, the average absolute error in the forecast of revenue in the budget year has been in the order of 2¼ per cent.
The average forecast error, measured relative to the tax base being forecast, is even higher for some components of the tax base. This is particularly evident for the ‘Company’ and ‘Other Individuals’ tax bases, partly reflecting the reaction of these payers to tax changes, and the way capital losses or gains are realised so as to minimise tax payments. An implication of the errors surrounding the revenue forecasts is that, while many of the forecasts are reported to the nearest ten million dollars for budget accounting purposes, they should not be interpreted as implying an equivalent level of forecast precision. 
The various risks influencing the accuracy of the revenue forecasts are outlined below.
Tax Reform
On 13 August 1998, the Government announced a major taxation reform package, A New Tax System. The reforms encompass both outlays and revenue measures. Key revenue measures include:
•	lower personal income tax rates;
•	abolition of Wholesale Sales Tax;
•	introduction of a Goods and Services Tax;
•	abolition of nine State and Territory taxes; and
•	reform of business taxes.
Subsequently, the Government appointed Mr John Ralph AO to head a review of business taxation to report not later than 30 June 1999. The strategy in relation to reform of business entities is to consult on the proposed framework and on transitional and implementation details. The strategy in relation to business investments is to consult on the extent of reform against the goal of achieving a 30 per cent company tax rate and the prospect for further Capital Gains Tax relief. A requirement of the reform of business taxation is that it is revenue neutral.
The forward estimates fully incorporate the revenue effects of the taxation reform package announced by the Government, and assume that all measures commence on the announced starting date. To the extent that the implementation of the Government’s package varies from that announced there may be an impact on future revenue collections.
Indirect Tax Changes
A key element of tax reform is the introduction of a goods and services tax (GST) to abolish Wholesale Sales Tax (WST) and a series of State and Territory taxes. Rejection of the legislation or significant amendments would jeorpardise the proposal and could amount to a serious fiscal risk.
General risks
The forward estimates of revenue are subject to a number of general pressures which can result in risks to revenue collections. These general pressures include: tax minimisation and avoidance, including through the exploitation of tax expenditures; financial innovation; internationalisation; developments in communications technology and workplace arrangements; and court decisions. These pressures may result in a shift in the composition of revenue collected from the various tax bases and/or a change in the size of the tax base. The revenue forecasts make what is believed to be an appropriate allowance for these factors, given the data available.
Tax minimisation and avoidance involves the use of provisions and ‘loopholes’ in the tax law which were not intended by policymakers. In the absence of closing these off, the revenue base will shrink relative to that projected in the forward estimates. The Government is committed to addressing these problems through its fundamental taxation reform programme which has, as one of its aims, the formation of a simpler and fairer tax system. At the same time, the Government will continue to take legislative action to close off such schemes as they are identified. In addition, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) will continue to undertake extensive compliance enforcement work, including pursuing matters through the courts, to maintain the integrity of the tax system.
Financial innovation has increased dramatically during the past two decades and the tax system has generally not kept pace with these innovations. Consequently, uncertainty has arisen over the application of existing laws to new and often complex financial arrangements. Also, the scope for tax minimisation and avoidance through the application of financial arrangements has expanded. An Issues Paper on the taxation of financial arrangements was released by Treasury and the ATO in December 1996. The paper has provided a vehicle for ongoing consultations between officials and taxpayers as to an appropriate basis for any reforms in this area. This subject is being considered by the Review of Business Taxation.
The internationalisation of the Australian economy also introduces a general risk to the forward estimates of revenue. Income tax collections from capital are subject to increasing downward pressure due to increasing ‘tax competition’ among jurisdictions and ‘profit shifting’ in the context of the relatively free international flow of capital. The ATO is undertaking a series of compliance improvement measures to ensure that Australian companies deal with their international parties at ‘arms length’. Income tax collections from labour are also coming under increasing downward pressure as a rising proportion of labour becomes more internationally mobile and subject to tax competition. The further integration of economies also means the integrity of each country’s tax system will increasingly rely on international co‑operation on tax matters. 
Developments in communications technology, such as the Internet, also raise a general risk to the forward estimates of revenue. Such developments may allow the purchase or sale of an increasing number of goods and services — including the provision of labour services — in a way which could render traditional tax collection mechanisms unworkable, posing a major challenge for tax system design. The OECD is developing a taxation framework to apply to electronic commerce which will include ‘place of taxation’ rules for consumption taxes and measures to strengthen international co‑operation in tax administration and collection. Australia is contributing actively to this work. The ATO has sought to raise awareness of the issue in its December 1997 publication Tax and the Internet. 
Developments in workplace arrangements may also affect taxation collections. Australia’s tax system is characterised by a progressive system of personal income tax rates, combined with a flat company tax rate. Typically, the top marginal tax rate has been higher than the company tax rate. The divergence between the rates of personal and company tax provides an opportunity for some individual taxpayers, who would otherwise be subject to progressive marginal rates of tax, to derive income through a corporate structure. This may allow an individual taxpayer to take advantage of features of the corporate tax regime (for example, a lower company tax rate) which are not available to individual taxpayers. In response to such activity (termed ‘alienation of personal services income’), the Commissioner of Taxation is taking appropriate steps to safeguard the intended operation of the law, including testing the law in the courts. 
Court decisions also increase the risk that revenue will be lower or higher than anticipated. Court decisions can affect the interpretation of tax legislation and, in the absence of Government action, can significantly change the level of revenue collected under that legislation.
Tax expenditures are often at risk of being exploited in an unexpected manner, which can also have a significant effect on the forward estimates of revenue. The Government receives a steady stream of calls for new tax expenditures to be granted. As a general proposition, the granting of further tax expenditures will lead to the downward adjustment of the forward estimates of revenue. Equally, the winding back of existing tax expenditures will generally require the upward adjustment of the forward estimates of revenue. As a result of a decision in the 1998‑99 Budget, all tax expenditures will be subject to ongoing monitoring and evaluation to determine whether they remain relevant to meeting the Government’s priorities.
Apart from the abovementioned general risks, which could have a cumulative impact over time, there are general risks to the forward estimates which could have a significant effect in any one year but not necessarily a cumulative effect over time. In any one year, revenue will be influenced by a number of factors, including for example, the degree to which companies and individuals realise losses and capital gains, the valuation of stocks, the utilisation of specific tax expenditures and taxpayer behavioural responses to revenue measures. Such factors can have a particularly significant effect on company tax collections and the revenue forgone through tax expenditures. Generally, such factors are not, by their nature, able to be forecast with a high degree of certainty.
Specific risks
There are also a number of specific risks to revenue that are currently the subject of ongoing analysis and evaluation by the Treasury and the ATO. Such risks include, for example, specific tax minimisation and avoidance schemes. Early detection and Government response to such risks is desirable. It would be inappropriate to explicitly identify such current specific risks until the Government is in a position to respond to the risks. To do so may compromise the Government’s policy response and magnify the downside risks to the forward estimates of revenue.
The Government has announced a number of measures to date that have already been factored into the forward estimates of revenue but are yet to be passed by Parliament. Should the passage of legislation relating to these measures be delayed, amended or rejected, the forward estimates would need to be adjusted. 
Review of ‘nuisance tariffs’
On 24 July 1998 the Minister for Industry, Science and Tourism announced a review of all tariffs in the three to five per cent range (‘nuisance tariffs’). Industry has been consulted on tariff items that raise little revenue and provide little or no protective benefit to Australian industry. The review is expected to be completed in early 1999. Depending on its outcome, the Government will consider removing these tariff items.
Review of the general tariff rate
Under the 1994 Bogor Declaration, Asia‑Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) members committed to ‘free and open’ trade and investment in the region by 2010 for developed economies and 2020 for industrialising economies. As part of Australia’s Individual Action Plan the general tariff rate (currently at five per cent) is scheduled to be reviewed by the year 2000.
Remuneration for use of $A by the International Monetary Fund
The IMF pays Australia remuneration when it uses $A in its transactions with member countries. The amount of remuneration Australia receives from the IMF is dependent upon the quantity of $A used, the Special Drawing Right (SDR) interest rate and the SDR/$A exchange rate, and is therefore uncertain.
Fiscal Risks — Outlays
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Exceptional circumstances and drought relief
Additional expenditure on exceptional circumstances relief is subject to climate variability which cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. The number of Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payment recipients and exceptional circumstances interest rate subsidies approved will vary significantly each year, depending on the severity of drought and other exceptional circumstances and conditions.
Attorney‑General’s
Native Title cost sharing
The Commonwealth has previously offered to assist States and Territories in meeting compensation costs associated with their validation of past acts under legislation complementary to the Native Title Act 1993. Following the High Court’s Wik decision, the Commonwealth’s offer has been extended to cover intermediate period acts and certain specified future acts. The extent of Commonwealth payments to the States pursuant to this offer will depend on the terms of the final agreements and the level of compensation liabilities arising from actions by the States to acquire native title rights. Those liabilities cannot be quantified due to uncertainty about future acts by the States and the extent and valuation of surviving native title. The Commonwealth has also offered to assist States and Territories with the costs of alternative arbitral bodies and equivalent bodies approved under the Act. The extent of this assistance will depend on decisions to establish such bodies, the timing of their recognition and the extent of their use.
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
Digitisation strategy of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
The Government has agreed to cover, at the end of the five‑year conversion period (ie until 2002‑03), outstanding debt in relation to Phase 1 of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s plans for the conversion to digital broadcasting. That debt is currently estimated to be about $31 million. 
Sale of radiofrequency spectrum licenses
The Commonwealth has announced the release of spectrum licenses for sale. The estimates of the proceeds from spectrum license sales are based on current market information. However, the actual amount realised will depend on the market conditions at the time of sale.
The precise timing of the sales will also depend on market conditions. Further sales are expected to occur in 1998‑99 and 1999‑2000 and may be deferred if market conditions prove unfavourable.
Defence
Litigation cases in train — Department of Defence
The Department of Defence is involved in several cases covering a wide range of litigation where either the cases have not been heard, or damages and costs have yet to be awarded. The litigation involves claims before the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, and claims relating to HMAS Stalwart, HMAS Voyager, asbestos litigation, compensation for termination of sand mining leases at Shoalwater Bay, and alleged defective administration by the Department. The value of these claims now stands at some $100 million.
Education, Training and Youth Affairs
NSW University superannuation supplementation
The NSW Government has passed amendments to legislation which offer current contributing members of the State Superannuation Scheme the opportunity to transfer from an emerging cost pension scheme to a fully funded one which provides lump sum benefits. Some employees of universities are members of the State Superannuation Scheme. If the offer is extended to these employees and some accept the offer, it may bring forward into 1999‑2000 superannuation commitments which would not otherwise have fallen due until future years. It is not possible, at this stage, to quantify the level of take‑up of the offer nor its financial impact.
Family and Community Services
Applying the newly arrived resident’s waiting period to agreement countries
The 1998‑99 Budget contained the social security measure ‘Applying the Newly Arrived Resident's Waiting Period to Agreement Countries’, which required New Zealand citizens to wait two years before claiming Australian income support payments. Savings of about $42 million over four years were estimated. Introduction of relevant legislation has been delayed until the Autumn or Winter Sittings in 1999. Even assuming passage of the legislation, the postponement of implementation (and therefore savings) could mean that the forward estimates require variation.
Modified treatment of non‑economic loss compensation payments
This 1998‑99 Budget measure sought to include lump‑sum non‑economic loss compensation payments in the income test for determining income support payments. This would remove the existing incentive for income support recipients of non‑economic loss compensation payments to take lump sums in preference to on‑going income support.
Legislation for this measure is expected to be introduced in the Autumn Sittings 1999, for an anticipated implementation date of 1 July 1999. If this measure does not pass the Senate, estimated expenditure would increase by some $50 million over the budget and forward estimates period.
Payment Cycles Project
In the 1997‑98 Budget the Government agreed (subject to legislation) to pay most social security and veterans’ affairs payments fortnightly in arrears and to simplify the date of effect provisions. These initiatives were to be implemented on 1 July 1999. The Social Security and Veterans’ Affairs Legislation Amendment (Payment Processing) Bill, which would give effect to the initiatives, has just been reintroduced into the House of Representatives. If the legislation is not passed, the forward estimates will need to be increased by some $150 million to exclude the estimated savings resulting from these measures.
Possible Social Security Agreement with Greece
The Government is continuing negotiations with Greece on a social security agreement which would cover those people who have lived part of their working lives in both countries. Depending on its terms, such an agreement would cost Australia an estimated $25 million a year. If agreement were reached in 1999, it would not commence before July 2000 at the earliest.
Staying at Home — Carer and Support of Older Australians' package
A Bill to put into effect a number of initiatives for carers was to be introduced during the 1998 Spring Sittings. The initiatives include the introduction of Carer Allowance; the adoption of the Adult Disability Assessment Tool as the basis of determining eligibility for Carer Payment and for the adult stream of Carer Allowance; and the adoption of an eligibility threshold for the adult stream of Carer Allowance that would result in 14,000 additional carers being eligible for payment of the Allowance. These measures were to be implemented from 1 July 1999.
As a result of the Federal Election, it is now intended that the Social Security (Assistance for Carers) Bill 1999 will be introduced in the Autumn Sittings. If the Bill does not achieve passage during that sitting, it will not be possible to introduce these new measures on 1 July 1999. This would delay expenditure, which was originally estimated at $80 million over the forward estimates period.
Finance and Administration
Asset sales
The major asset sale provided for in the 1998‑99 Budget figuring was the sale of the Commonwealth’s remaining equity in Telstra Corporation. 
The revised estimates include the effect of the sale of the remainder of Telstra, noting that the level of proceeds will depend, inter alia, on the prevailing levels of world equity markets at the time of the sale. The first stage of the sale will leave majority control in Government hands.
Constitutional referendum
At the close of the Constitutional Convention in February 1998, the Prime Minister confirmed that, if re‑elected, the Government would put the Convention’s preferred bipartisan appointment of the president model to a referendum in 1999. No provision for the referendum has currently been made in the estimates. Both the timing and the cost of the referendum are uncertain. However, a stand‑alone referendum is expected to be conducted late in 1999. It is estimated to cost $62 million in 1999‑2000.
Member choice and Commonwealth Superannuation Arrangements
New superannuation arrangements for Commonwealth employees have been provided for in the budget and forward estimates although the arrangements are subject to the passage of legislation currently before the Parliament. These new arrangements involve the closure to new entrants of the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS) from 1 July 1999 and the choice for new employees of either a complying superannuation fund or a Retirement Savings Account offered by their employer. Existing employees will have a similar choice from 1 July 2000 if they wish to cease their membership of the PSS or the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme. Incorporation of the new superannuation arrangements in the estimates has increased expected superannuation outlays by $12 million in 1999‑2000, $265 million in 2000‑01, and $295 million in 2001‑02 without increasing the superannuation costs to employers. These amounts are a bringing forward of future outlays and therefore represent no net cost to the Budget on an accrual basis.
Health and Aged Care
Australian Health Care Agreements
The Commonwealth and all States and Territories, except Western Australia and Tasmania, have signed new five‑year Australian Health Care Agreements (AHCA), commencing 1 July 1998. Western Australia accepted the AHCA proposal in‑principle on 3 August 1998, and Tasmania did likewise on 21 September 1998. The Agreements incorporate a risk sharing arrangement for changes in the private health insurance participation rate. Under this formula, a nationally consistent rise of one percentage point in the participation rate above a point midway between the March 1998 and June 1995 levels will reduce Commonwealth grants to the States and Territories by approximately $82 million a year from 1999‑2000. Commonwealth grants will be increased by a similar amount from 1999‑2000 if the participation rate falls by one percentage point below the December 1998 level (based on current estimates of movements in population, the hospital output cost index, and assuming those leaving private health insurance have the same age/sex profile as those remaining). 
The AHCA funding formula applies the hospital output cost index to total funding. For every one percentage point change in hospital output costs (relative to the budget assumption of a 0.5 per cent increase), grants to the States and Territories will change in aggregate by approximately $57 million a year from 1999‑2000.
Immunisation funding mechanism
Agreement between the Minister for Health and Aged Care and the Minister for Finance and Administration is required when the cost of new vaccines under the immunisation funding mechanism are between $10 million and $20 million. Cabinet approval is required when this cost is over $20 million. Future vaccine technology will result in new vaccines substituting for vaccines already in use (eg multivalent vaccines which combine several vaccines into one) and, as a consequence, will result in higher unit costs of vaccine within the routine schedule. Given the nature of current vaccine technology, and the possible introduction of new vaccines required for a full cohort and several doses, specific vaccine costs cannot be precisely quantified at this stage. However, the inclusion of new essential vaccines within the routine schedule between 1998‑99 and 2001‑02 has the potential to increase Commonwealth outlays by up to $120 million in total over the four years.
Litigation cases in train — Department of Health and Aged Care
The Department is presently involved in 82 cases which could result in some financial liability for the Commonwealth. These cases cover a wide range of litigation, where either the cases have not been heard or damages and costs have yet to be awarded. The litigation now involves Creutsfeldt‑Jacob disease, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Hepatitis C, defective products, personal injuries, the Department as an employer, and a variety of other claims against the Commonwealth. It is not possible to quantify the liability arising from these cases.
Major new listings — Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medicare Benefits Scheme
A joint agreement between the Treasurer, Minister for Finance and Administration and the Prime Minister is required when the cost of listing a new drug on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme is over $10 million. Similarly, new medical services costing more than $10 million a year need to go to Cabinet before listing on the Medical Benefits Schedule. New drugs can only be listed after an assessment of comparative effectiveness and value for money. New medical services are considered by the Medical Services Advisory Committee before listing. The listing of new high cost drugs and services has the potential to increase Commonwealth outlays by up to $280 million over the four years to 2001‑02.
Industry, Science and Resources
Repayment of Snowy Mountains Hydro‑electric Scheme debt
The expected corporatisation of the Scheme in 1999 will involve the refinancing and early repayment of debt to the Commonwealth. The estimated market value of the debt is in the order of $900 million. Detailed arrangements are to be finalised between the Commonwealth and NSW and Victorian Governments, as shareholders in the new company. The exact timing and level of payments may be influenced by electricity and financial markets at the time of corporatisation.
Prime Minister and Cabinet
Hindmarsh Island bridge damages claim
Developers of a marina associated with the proposed Hindmarsh Island bridge have brought a substantial damages claim against the Commonwealth and other parties involved in the decision by the previous Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, pursuant to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984, to ban construction of the bridge. The plaintiffs are claiming damages of $80 million.
Separation of Aboriginal children from their families in the Northern Territory
Earlier laws, policies and practices led to the separation of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families. Some 2,200 legal actions for damages are underway against the Commonwealth in relation to these separations. If the plaintiffs in the two test cases proceeding in 1999 are successful, the Commonwealth may be liable for substantial payments in relation to these and other claims.
Investment incentives
In the December 1997 Investing for Growth industry statement, the Government announced its willingness to consider the provision of incentives, in limited and special circumstances, for major strategic investment projects. Such incentives could be in the form of outlays or revenue measures, and have been separately identified in the outlays risks.
Transport and Regional Services
Compensation claims — finalisation of acquisition of properties for the Second Sydney Airport at Badgerys Creek
Compensation claims under the Lands Acquisitions Act 1989 relating to the compulsory acquisition of properties for the proposed Second Sydney Airport at Badgerys Creek which had not been finalised at 31 October 1998 give rise to an estimated risk of $44 million.
Treasury
Australia’s involvement in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) assistance to Thailand, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea
In response to instability in regional financial markets and economies, Australia has offered to provide bilateral financing in support of IMF programmes in Thailand, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea. In the case of Thailand, this has taken the form of a currency swap between the RBA and the Bank of Thailand for $US1 billion which is being drawn down over a three‑year period. In the event of default, the ability of the RBA to maintain the dividend stream projected in the forward estimates may be affected.
In the case of Indonesia and South Korea, Australia has agreed to provide supplementary financing or ‘second tier’ financing of up to $US1 billion each. This financing would be provided via a loan on a non‑concessional basis that would be repaid to the Commonwealth. As yet no funds have been drawn down by these two countries. Australia is in the process of negotiating a drawdown of $US300 million for Indonesia. Australia supported a drawdown of $US330 million for South Korea, however, the likelihood of drawdown has diminished in light of improved conditions in South Korea.
Contingent Liabilities — Quantifiable
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Australian Wheat Board (AWB)
Under the Wheat Marketing Act 1989, the Commonwealth underwrites borrowings by the AWB that fund advance and related payments from the wheat pool up to a maximum of $3,880 million as at 31 October 1998. Borrowings are repaid as the wheat pool is sold. The percentage underwritten by the Commonwealth is set at 85 per cent of the estimated aggregate net return on the wheat pool. The Commonwealth's responsibility for the underwriting of borrowings ceases after the 1998‑99 season's pools are finalised. 
There is also an additional borrowing guarantee for a total principal of $20 million for the AWB, which allowed for the payout of equity in the 1990‑91 pools to assist growers who were in financial difficulties at the time following a fall in international wheat prices.
Queensland Fish Management Authority
The Commonwealth guaranteed a loan up to a maximum of $40.9 million to encourage the restructuring of the Northern Prawn Fishery. As at 31 October 1998, the amount outstanding on the loan was $5.2 million, which is to be paid off within two years. The loan was taken out by the Queensland Fisheries Management Authority on behalf of the Commonwealth to buy back surplus boat units from the fishery with repayment to be made by the industry through levies.
Wool International
Under Section 53(7) of the Wool International Act 1993, the Commonwealth underwrites borrowings of Wool International for the management of the wool stockpile. The contingent liability for borrowings by Wool International totalled $209 million as at 31 October 1998. Sources of borrowings include domestic and overseas commercial lenders.
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
The Commonwealth has guaranteed loans by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The principal amount covered by the guarantee as at 31 October 1998 was $153 million. These loans were largely used to meet costs relating to the construction of premises for the Corporation at Southbank (Melbourne) and Ultimo (Sydney).
Special Broadcasting Service
The Commonwealth has guaranteed loans taken out by the Special Broadcasting Service. The principal amount covered by the guarantee as at 31 October 1998 was $39 million. These loans were used to pay for the refurbishment and enhancement of the Service’s premises at Artarmon in Sydney.
Telstra Corporation Ltd — loan guarantee 
The Commonwealth has guaranteed loans taken out by Telstra Corporation Ltd. The principal amount covered by the guarantee as at 31 October 1998 was $41.25 million. The loan was originally issued prior to July 1989 when most of Telstra’s borrowings were guaranteed by the Commonwealth. The loan will be fully repaid on 15 November 1999.
Telstra Corporation Ltd — Superannuation Guarantee
An unquantifiable contingent liability was identified in the 1998‑99 Budget in respect of additional employer contributions to the Telstra Superannuation Scheme. This contingent liability has now been quantified. The net present value of the contingent liability in respect of the guaranteed stream of payments for the Telstra Superannuation Scheme as at 30 June 1998 was $1.1 billion. (See also the possible offsetting contingent liability for the ‘Telstra Corporation Limited — notional fund surplus’ under Finance and Administration.)
Commonwealth Indemnity Scheme
The amount indemnified for artworks on loan to galleries participating in exhibitions under the Scheme has decreased to $289.8 million as at 31 October 1998. The decrease is due to a reduction in the number of exhibitions covered by the Scheme at that date.
Defence
Defence Housing Authority
Private sector borrowing by the Defence Housing Authority is explicitly guaranteed by the Commonwealth under section 38 of the Defence Housing Authority Act 1987. The value of loans guaranteed at 16 November 1998 was $60 million.
Military Compensation
Contingent liabilities exist in relation to military compensation claims to the value of some $35 million. This amount relates to outstanding claims for non‑economic loss as a consequence of the Federal Court decision in Schlenert v the Australian and Overseas Telephone Corporation 1995.
Education, Training and Youth Affairs
Commonwealth Loan Guarantees — Group Training
The Minister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs is authorised to issue Commonwealth guarantees on a limited number of loans made to Commonwealth endorsed Group Training organisations by commercial lenders in the period 1 October 1998 to 30 June 2001. These guarantees facilitate the provision of additional apprenticeship and traineeship positions by the employers on the Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs’ register of endorsed Group Training organisations. The maximum value of loans outstanding is capped at $30 million.
Commonwealth Loan Guarantees — Student Financial Supplement Scheme
Contingent liabilities reported under this item in the 1998‑99 Budget were $1,188 million, which included some $146 million relating to the ABSTUDY element of this scheme. 
The remaining liabilities were associated with the Youth Allowance which has been administered by the Department of Family and Community Services since 1 July 1998 (see separate entry under Family and Community Services). 
As at 31 October 1998, the value of loan guarantees outstanding for ABSTUDY recipients (Indigenous tertiary students) was in the order of $164 million.
Family and Community Services
Commonwealth Loan Guarantees — Student Financial Supplement Scheme
Contingent liabilities reported under this item in the 1998‑99 Budget were $1,188 million which included some $1,042 million relating to the AUSTUDY (since 1 July Youth Allowance and Austudy payment) element of this scheme. 
The remaining liabilities were associated with the ABSTUDY element of the scheme, which is administered by the Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (see entry above).
The value of loan guarantees currently outstanding for the Youth Allowance and Austudy payment is in the order of $1,146 million. 
Finance and Administration
Telstra Corporation Ltd — notional fund surplus
Past employer contributions by Telstra to the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS) have resulted in Telstra’s CSS notional fund being in surplus. The Commonwealth has indicated that repatriation of part of that surplus to the Telstra Superannuation Scheme (TSS) will be permitted where the surplus is greater than 15 per cent of the employer financed benefits (past and future) for Telstra’s CSS members and the outstanding deferred transfer value payments for ex‑CSS members who transferred to the TSS. The total surplus has been determined at $1,428 million as at the valuation date of 30 June 1997 and will be paid to the TSS either by way of the schedule of instalments or by way of a lump sum.
Foreign Affairs and Trade
Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC)
The Commonwealth guarantees the due payment by EFIC of money that is, or may at any time become, payable by EFIC to any person other than the Commonwealth. As at 31 October 1998, the contingent liability totalled $7,940 million, comprising contracts of insurance and guarantees ($3,959 million), balance sheet liabilities ($1,003 million), and national interest provisions ($2,979 million).
Industry, Science and Resources
Australian Industry Development Corporation (AIDC)
As at 1 November 1998, the Corporation’s contingent liabilities were $206.5 million in respect of guarantees and credit risk facilities. The Corporation’s other guaranteed borrowings, which totalled $1,793 million as at 1 November 1998, have been offset by holdings in Commonwealth Government securities and certain hedging instruments guaranteed by Warburg Dillon Read (formerly known as UBS Australia Ltd).
Snowy Mountains Hydro‑electric Authority (SMHEA)
The Snowy Mountains Hydro‑electric Power Act 1949 provides that borrowings by SMHEA may be guaranteed by the Commonwealth. The Authority has issued inscribed stock at a discount to finance capital works of the Scheme. The borrowings are subject to explicit Commonwealth guarantees. The face value of guaranteed borrowings is $190.5 million with the net amount guaranteed (excluding the unamortised discount on the issue of inscribed stock) being $101.4 million.
Transport and Regional Services
Maritime Industry Finance Company Ltd (MIFCo) — loan guarantee
The Commonwealth has guaranteed repayments of a $155 million loan taken out by MIFCo for the purpose of making redundancy related payments arising from the reform of the stevedoring industry. 
The Stevedoring Levy (Collection) Act 1998 provides for payments to be made by the Commonwealth to MIFCo to enable it to meet its loan repayment obligations.
Northern Territory Government Loans
Loans of the Northern Territory Government (Private Treaty Loans, Public Loans Flotations, and Private Placement of Northern Territory Stock) are covered by Commonwealth guarantee under sections 47 and 47A of the Northern Territory (Self Government) Act 1978. As at 31 October 1998, the value of these loans was $162.1 million. 
Sale of Australian River Co. Ltd (formerly ANL Limited)
The sale of the Liner shipping business has been completed. The purchaser was ANL Container Line Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Compagnie Generale Maritime SA (CGM). The sale terms provide for certain contingent liabilities related to warranties, indemnities and employee matters. The time period and value of the contingencies are limited by the terms of the contract. The Commonwealth's liabilities under the Sale Deed have been capped in line with the sale price. The limit on warranty claims is purchase price with a minimum and aggregate claim and a time period of 21 months from December 1998. In relation to employee matters, the Sale Deed provides for the Commonwealth to reimburse redundancy payments that are capped at a maximum of $11 million.
After the completion of the Liner Shipping business sale ANL Limited was renamed Australian River Co. Limited (River Co).
Certain guarantees of pre‑sale financing arrangements will continue post‑sale. The Australian River Co. Ltd Board has been provided with a letter of comfort covering the liabilities under the sale contracts. 
ANL Container Line’s parent, CGM, has provided an indemnity to the Commonwealth in respect of certain continuing Commonwealth guarantees of pre‑sale debts owing on specified liner assets.
River Co has also executed a sale contract with Auscan Self Unloaders Pty Ltd. Contingent liabilities related to this contract cannot be accurately estimated until the sale is completed. The time period and value of the contingency are limited by the terms of the contract.
The Commonwealth has undertaken to continue its guarantee of River Co’s major lease facilities following the sale of the Bulk Trades business of the company. The risk of a call on these guarantees has been partly mitigated by corporate guarantees from the buyers of the Bulk Trades business.
Indemnities have been issued to River Co Board members and management indemnifying Board members and, in the event River Co ceased to exist, management, against civil claims relating to employment and conduct as directors/management of River Co and subsidiary/associated companies.
River Co has a $4 million overdraft facility. Repayments of drawdowns are Commonwealth guaranteed.
Treasury
Guarantees under the Commonwealth Bank Sale Act 1995
Under the terms of the Commonwealth Bank Sale Act 1995, the Commonwealth has guaranteed various liabilities of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the Commonwealth Bank Officers’ Superannuation Corporation (CBOSC) and the Commonwealth Development Bank.
The guarantee for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia relates to both on and off‑balance sheet liabilities. Of the existing contingent liability, 34 per cent involves off‑balance sheet liabilities. As at 30 June 1998, the balance of the guarantee was $99,745.9 million, a reduction of $4,428.2 million on the previous year.
The guarantee for CBOSC covers the due payments of any amount that is payable to or from the Fund, by CBOSC or by the Bank, in respect of a person who was a member, retired member or beneficiary of the Fund immediately before 19 July 1996. Total accrued benefits at 30 June 1998 have been valued at $3,743 million following an actuarial review. The outstanding value subject to the guarantee is estimated to be $3,737 million.
As of 1 July 1996, the Commonwealth Development Bank ceased to write new business and no additional liabilities are being incurred. The existing contingent liability will gradually decline with the retirement of existing loans and exposures. The revised estimate for the balance of this guarantee was $472.5 million as at June 1998.
Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) guarantee
This contingent liability relates to the Commonwealth’s guarantee of the liabilities of the RBA. The major component of RBA liabilities relates to Notes (ie currency) on Issue. This treatment of Notes largely relates to the historical convention of the convertibility of Notes to gold — coins are not treated as a liability in the Commonwealth's accounts. At 11 November 1998, Notes on Issue totalled $22,650 million. 
The other major liability consists of deposits with the RBA by the banking sector. At 11 November 1998, these deposits amounted to $6,028 million. In total, the guarantee for the Reserve Bank was $28,678 million as at 11 November 1998. 
Uncalled Capital Subscriptions — international financial institutions
The liability relates to the value of the uncalled portion of the Commonwealth’s shares in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ($US2,769.5 million — estimated value $A4,425.5 million at 28 October 1998), the Asian Development Bank ($US2,477.5 million — estimated value $A3,911.0 million), and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ($US81.7 million — estimated value $A130.6 million).
Contingent Liabilities — Unquantifiable
Attorney‑General’s
Australian Federal Police Adjustment Scheme (AFPAS)
Under section 30(2) of the Australian Federal Police Act 1979, all Australian Federal Police (AFP) appointees who complete a fixed term appointment are entitled to a payment upon separation from the organisation. The entitlement is payable subject to, and in accordance with, eligibility conditions determined by the Commissioner of the AFP. Funding has been provided for the costs expected to be incurred over the next five years, but actual expenditure is subject to the number of staff separations.
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts
Telstra Corporation Ltd — Superannuation Guarantee
Telstra Corporation Ltd has agreed to make additional employer contributions to the Telstra Superannuation Scheme. The Commonwealth has guaranteed that it will cover any outstanding additional employer contributions in the event that Telstra becomes insolvent.
Defence
HMAS Melbourne compensation
The recent decision in the Mewett case which went against the Commonwealth may be used by up to 900 crewmen of HMAS Melbourne, in relation to the Voyager incident, to lodge claims against the Commonwealth. There is no basis for quantifying potential claims. A total of 95 claims have been lodged to date; one claim has been settled and another withdrawn. 
Defence indemnities
The Commonwealth has created indemnities, for loss and damage, for a number of:
•	individuals and entities in Australia caused by the Defence Force whilst on work experience, or training exercises;
•	companies in Australia and overseas caused by disputes over, or termination of contracts;
•	port authorities in Australia caused by Royal Australian Navy vessels whilst in, or entering, port; and
•	entities in Australia caused by various displays undertaken by Defence forces.
These indemnities have a range of expiry dates and are unquantifiable.
Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business
Possible increased workers’ compensation costs to the Commonwealth
In December 1997, the NSW Court of Appeal found that Commonwealth employees, who were previously considered to be covered solely by the provisions of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988, could choose to claim compensation under State workers compensation legislation (the case is Telstra Corporation v Worthing & Anor).
On 19 May 1998 the High Court granted special leave for the Commonwealth to appeal. The matter was heard by the High Court on 9 December 1998. Judgement was reserved, and a decision is expected to be handed down in early 1999. If the Court of Appeal’s decision is not overturned, there is some risk of Commonwealth exposure to financial liability under State workers compensation legislation.
Potential claims for stress and diseases on journeys
The matter of Australia Post v Burch was handed down by the Full Federal Court on 5 August 1998. The court extended the definition of injury simpliciter to include ‘a disturbance of normal physiological state ... or an ascertainable lesion or dramatic physiological change’. This decision has the potential to allow stress claims and diseases suffered on journeys to be considered as injury claims where the test of relationship to employment is less stringent than for diseases.
Australia Post has lodged an application for special leave to appeal to the High Court, and this is expected to be heard in early 1999.
Finance and Administration
Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) employees
Notice of potential claims under the Commonwealth Funds Management (CFM) share sale agreement has been received from the Commonwealth Bank in relation to an action brought against CFM (among others) as successor to the former Superannuation Fund Investment Trust by certain employees of the Australian Law Reform Commission in respect of their superannuation entitlements. The Commonwealth has exercised its right to take over the defence of the action. The financial effect of this claim cannot be quantified at this stage.
Commonwealth shareholding in the Australian Submarine Corporation
An indemnity was issued to Barry AC Hilson and BACH Pty Limited in relation to liabilities arising from assistance provided to the Commonwealth during the conduct of a review of the Commonwealth's shareholding in the Australian Submarine Corporation. This indemnity is ongoing.
Macquarie Bank — valuation of DASFLEET
Macquarie Fleet Leasing Pty Ltd, as purchaser of DASFLEET, have disputed the valuation methodology adopted by the Commonwealth in the Completion Asset and Liability Statement in relation to the vehicle fleet. This matter is subject to arbitration. 
New Commonwealth Insurable Risk Managed Fund (Comcover)
Under the current non‑insurance policy, the Commonwealth has been exposed to risks with the operations of agencies, such as government departments, under the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1997. These risks cover loss or damage to property, consequential losses, court awards and out of court settlements, for which the costs have been met from existing agency appropriations or supplemented as required from the Budget.
With effect from 1 July 1998, the non‑insurance policy is being progressively replaced with one of self‑insurance via a managed fund (Comcover). Commonwealth insurable risks that are not currently insured are being systematically identified and costed, with the risks funded by provisioning over time. The managed fund will produce better risk management and therefore reduce costs over time.
Similarly, from 1 July 1998, Comcover is progressively covering the insurable risks of bodies under the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies (CAC) Act 1997 within the general government sector from 1 July 1998. Premiums are being charged by the fund to cover the long‑term cost of risk and associated administrative costs and an allowance has been made in the Budget and forward estimates to cover the expected payment of claims to member organisations. However, given the unpredictable nature of insurable risks, it is possible that this estimate could be exceeded in any particular financial year.
A reinsurance programme was put in place with effect from 1 July 1998 to reduce the likelihood of significant impacts on the Budget from CAC body exposures.
Sale of ADI Limited
Indemnities were provided:
•	on 15 January 1998 to ADI Directors, officers and employees in respect of claims and legal costs that may arise from assistance provided to the Commonwealth in relation to the proposed sale of the Commonwealth's shares in, or the business or assets of, ADI; and
•	on 20 August 1998 to ADI Limited dealing with the payment of any insurance excess under a Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy. The Commonwealth has agreed to be responsible for the payment of the amount of any excess in respect of any claim under the policy where ADI Limited is unable to pay the excess post‑sale.
These indemnities are ongoing.
Superannuation Act 1976 and the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS)
Under the Superannuation Act 1976 (for the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS)) and the PSS Trust Deed and Rules and determinations made under them, the Commonwealth guarantees payment of the amounts of members' contributions and productivity contributions with interest allocated to those amounts by respective Boards of Trustees.
The CSS and the PSS guarantee the accrued contributions and interest so there cannot be a negative crediting rating on invested funds. The Commonwealth has not had to make a payment in relation to this guarantee.
Sale of the former Department of Administrative Services Business Units
Eight business units of the former Department of Administrative Services (DAS) were sold in the second half of 1997. The businesses were DAS Distribution, Works Australia, Asset Services, Australian Operational Support Services, Australian Property Group, Interiors Australia, DAS Centre for Environmental Management and DASFleet. The sales agreements incorporate warranties and sale price adjustments. Commonwealth liabilities for these matters are limited in accordance with sales contracts.
Indemnities for the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)
The Commonwealth has indemnified the RBA against loss and damage arising from the acceptance of certain Commonwealth cheques bearing a facsimile signature having been impressed thereon without the authority of the Commonwealth and other aspects of banking services provided by the Bank.
Indemnities relating to other Asset Sales
Indemnities have been given in respect of a range of other asset sales. Details of these indemnities have been provided in previous Budget and MYEFO papers. A summary of these indemnities is provided below:
•	Aerospace Technologies of Australia (ASTA) Pty Ltd — a number of indemnities have been given to the purchaser of ASTA to protect ASTA and the purchaser from any reasonable losses or liabilities incurred in respect of actions of ASTA prior to, or at the time of the sale, or from circumstances arising from the sale. These indemnities were issued on 20 June 1995 and will not extend to any claim which either accrues or is made more than four years after that date or is for an amount less than $100,000.
•	An indemnity has been provided to the Directors and nominated officers of AIDC Ltd and the AIDC Corporation to indemnify them against all actions, suits, claims, demands and reasonable costs and expenses (including costs and expenses incurred as a result of a governmental or parliamentary enquiry and legal costs and expenses certified reasonable by the Attorney‑General) in respect of assistance provided to the Privatisation Advisory Committee (PAC), the Commonwealth and Corporation in respect of the PAC process and the sale of shares. This indemnity was issued on 30 May 1996 and terminates upon the sale of any of the shares. The Commonwealth may also terminate this indemnity upon reasonable notice in writing to the Chairperson of the Corporation. An indemnity was provided to AIDC Ltd to indemnify it against all actions against AIDC by the minority shareholders in the same circumstances as the indemnity discussed above. This indemnity was issued on 30 May 1996 and terminated upon the buy out of the minority shareholders by the Corporation.
•	Commonwealth Funds Management (CFM) and Total Risk Management (TRM) — an indemnity has been provided to the Directors and certain officers of CFM and TRM to indemnify them against all actions, suits, claims, demands and reasonable costs (including legal costs and expenses certified reasonable by the Attorney‑General) in relation to assistance given to the Commonwealth in the sale process in relation to provision of information to the Commonwealth or a third party. This indemnity was issued on 23 December 1996. The Commonwealth has indemnified the purchaser of CFM, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, from all losses and liabilities which may be suffered as a result of the exercise of powers under the CFM Sale Act. These powers relate to the transfer of any assets rights and obligations or liabilities of the company, employment of staff and transfer of company shares. The Commonwealth has also indemnified the Commonwealth Bank of Australia against any stamp duty payments related to the transaction other than the basic share transfer duty.
•	Avalon Airport Geelong Pty Ltd (AAG):
•	an indemnity has been given to the purchaser of AAG to indemnify the purchaser against any loss it suffers as a result of AAG incurring any tax liability up to and including 30 June 1996 under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 as a result of any action or inaction of AAG in respect of the period prior to sale. This indemnity was issued on 31 January 1997 and terminates four years after the date at which the taxation liability for the 1995‑96 financial year has been assessed;
•	an indemnity has been given to the purchaser of AAG to indemnify the purchaser and AAG against all liabilities, losses, costs, damages, expenses and claims arising out of: any contamination on, in or affecting Avalon Airport that existed prior to closing; and remedial action taken by the Purchaser or AAG in regard to any contamination on, in or affecting Avalon Airport that existed prior to closing in compliance with any notice or order issued by a regulator; and the construction, alteration or addition prior to closing of buildings using any materials or fixtures and fittings which are a potential health hazard; and
•	an indemnity has been given to the purchaser of AAG to indemnify the purchaser against: the holding of or disposal of shares in PAC or ASTAAS by AAG prior to closing; the exposure at Avalon Airport of any person to asbestos prior to closing; any breach or representation or warranty by the Commonwealth under the sale agreement (claims will not exceed either individually or in aggregate the amount of the purchase price); any liability of AAG arising under any lease granted to it prior to closing by the Commonwealth, or out of AAG's use or occupation, of Avalon Airport prior to closing; any breach of environmental law by AAG arising out of its use or occupation of Avalon Airport prior to closing; and any claim or liability arising out of or in relation to the Paint Shop.
•	CSL Ltd — indemnities have been given to Potter Warburg and Price Waterhouse on 14 October 1992, and to Arthur Anderson on 7 June 1993 for circumstances relating to performance of the consultancy in the sale of CSL Ltd. An indemnity has been given to CSL Ltd on 14 September 1992 to protect CSL Ltd from any claim made against them for breach of confidentiality as a result of CSL Ltd having provided information to the Commonwealth. 
•	Sale of Lease of Federal Airports Corporation (FAC) Airports:
•	an indemnity has been given to Ernst & Young to indemnify them against legal costs incurred in respect of their legal obligations for legal compulsion to disclose. This indemnity was issued on 15 July 1996;
•	an indemnity has been issued to the Board of the FAC indemnifying each member of the FAC Board against all actions, suits, claims, demands and reasonable costs in relation to i) decisions made and actions taken by the Board members in accordance with their statutory duties, ii) assistance given to the Commonwealth, at its express request in writing, including any directions, in the airports sale process, and iii) any decisions made by Board members in relation to the running of the Corporation where those decisions were taken as a result of government policy or any directions or requests as communicated to the Board in writing. The indemnity was issued on 3 October 1996 and is ongoing;
•	the Commonwealth has undertaken that in the event the FAC were to cease to exist, or was otherwise due to a Government action or decision unable to meet its obligations to its employees under its indemnity given to employees, then the Commonwealth will assume the FAC's liabilities under that indemnity. The indemnity was issued on 8 July 1996 and is ongoing;
•	an indemnity has been issued to Mallesons Stephen Jaques to indemnify the consultant in relation to all reasonable costs (including legal costs) incurred by the consultant in complying with any requests or directions by the Commonwealth given to the consultant pursuant to a confidentiality agreement dated 13 September 1996;
•	an indemnity has been issued to BZW Australia Limited to indemnify BZW against legal costs and disbursements incurred in respect of BZW's obligations for legal compulsion to disclose confidential information. This indemnity is ongoing and was issued on 18 August 1995;
•	an indemnity has been issued to ABN Amro to reimburse for legal costs and disbursements incurred in respect of ABN's obligations for legal compulsion to disclose confidential information. This indemnity was issued on 31 July 1997; and
•	pursuant to confidentiality deeds signed by prospective bidders in the Airports sales, the Commonwealth is obliged to meet the costs incurred by bidders to oppose a legal compulsion to disclose information, if under the direction of the Commonwealth or FAC. This obligation is ongoing.
•	Moomba Sydney Gas Pipeline — an indemnity has been given to East‑Aust Pipeline Ltd on 30 June 1994 against losses sustained due to a claim by an employee of the Pipeline Authority for negligence or accrued salary or other entitlements arising prior to the ‘Transfer Day’. 
•	Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) — an indemnity has been given to Tinbury Ltd on 21 October 1993 against certain liabilities and costs which they may suffer from the Commonwealth’s non‑observance of any of the express representations, warranties, covenants or undertakings contained in the sale agreement. 
•	Commonwealth Bank Public Share Offer — in 1996 the Commonwealth provided an indemnity to the Commonwealth Bank, its directors and certain offers to cover the civil liability in relation to providing assistance to the Commonwealth in the Offer context. An indemnity was issued to the directors of Hogan Marketing Services and Ashcove Pty Ltd to protect the parties in the event of litigation resulting from the performance of consultancy services in relation to telemarketing and a share information office. The indemnity was issued on 14 September 1993 and is permanent. An indemnity was issued to the syndicate members in relation to overseas selling arrangements indemnifying members against loss resulting from errors, false statements, omissions, etc, in the Offer Documentation used in the United States. The indemnity was issued on 16 July 1996. 
•	Partial sale of Telstra Corporation — indemnities have been issued:
•	to present and certain former Telstra directors and officers to protect against any liability incurred in connection with a civil liability (actual or alleged), defending criminal proceedings in Australia or overseas, any application in relation to criminal proceedings, any examination, investigation, inquiry or proceeding by the Australian Securities Commission or any other Government body in relation to the scoping study. The indemnity was issued on 23 September 1996 and is ongoing;
•	to Telstra Corporation Limited, Telstra directors and officers and certain executives providing indemnification against civil liability arising from defending criminal proceedings, liability arising from any examination, investigation or inquiry in which the courts grant relief to the indemnified party, any investigation or proceeding by the Australian Securities Commission or any other Government body in relation to the Telstra Share Offer;
•	to Telstra Corporation Limited indemnifying Telstra against any penalty tax or additional tax within the meaning of Division 11 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 or any loss incurred by Telstra arising from the payment of Franking Deficit Tax or Franking Deferral Tax;
•	to the international underwriters of the Telstra Share Offer providing indemnification against any Australian documentary, stamp transaction or registration or similar taxes;
•	to the Joint Global Coordinators and Lead Managers in relation to the Telstra Share Offer providing indemnification against any claim arising from the acts of other parties where the Commonwealth requires the indemnified party to rely on those acts in the performance of consultancy services;
•	to the Telstra Instalment Receipt Trustee and its directors to protect against certain losses and liabilities arising from the performance of its functions under the Trust Deed governing the administration of the instalment payment;
•	to the Bank of New York in relation to the Telstra Share Offer providing indemnification against costs or losses that may arise from the performance of obligations of the indemnified party relating to the issuing of Interim American Depository Receipts in the United States but not in relation to loss or liability resulting from the negligence or default of the Bank of New York; and
•	to Coopers and Lybrand and Price Waterhouse by the Telstra Instalment Receipt Trustee, on behalf of the Commonwealth, in relation to performance of certain of their functions, as the Instalment Receipt Registrar and Manager of the Instalment Receipt Trustee, respectively.
•	Australian Multimedia Enterprise (AME) — indemnities were issued to the directors and Chief Executive Officer of AME in relation to liabilities arising from assistance provided with the sale of AME. The indemnities took effect from 3 July 1997 and are ongoing.
Foreign Affairs and Trade
Australian Trade Commission
Under the Australian Trade Commission Act 1985 the Commonwealth guarantees payment by the Australian Trade Commission of money that is payable to any person other than the Commonwealth.
Health and Aged Care
CSL Ltd
CSL Ltd is indemnified against claims made by persons who contract specified infections from specified products and against employees contracting asbestos related injuries. CSL Ltd has unlimited cover for most events that occurred before the sale of CSL Ltd on 1 January 1994, but has more limited cover for a specified range of events that might occur during the period of the current contract. Given the open‑ended nature of some of the indemnities, damages and risk cannot be quantified.
Transport and Regional Services
Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) — in relation to ship‑sourced marine pollution
In the normal course of operations, the Authority is responsible for the provision of funds necessary to meet the clean‑up costs arising from ship‑sourced marine pollution. The Commonwealth has agreed that the Authority’s responsibility be limited to a maximum outlay of $10 million. The Authority entered into a stand‑by loan facility for this purpose. In the event of costs above that limit, funds will be provided by the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth’s risk is unquantifiable. In all circumstances, the Authority is responsible for making appropriate efforts to recover the costs of any such incidents.
Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) — indemnity in relation to the Authority’s safety regulatory functions
Under a Deed of Agreement, CASA was indemnified against the claims incurred in carrying out its responsibilities for aviation safety regulation. This indemnity was subject to an annual renewal on payment of an annual premium by CASA to the Commonwealth. This indemnity expired on 5 July 1998 and CASA has replaced this arrangement with commercial insurance. The Commonwealth is obliged to continue to indemnify CASA in relation to liabilities associated with acts or omissions which occurred before the date of expiry of the Deed of Agreement. 
Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) — indemnity to officers of the Authority administering the Carrier’s liability insurance requirements
An indemnity has been given to those officers of CASA who administer the carrier’s liability insurance requirements under Part IVA of the Civil Aviation (Carrier’s Liability) Act 1959 and complementary state legislation. This indemnity was revoked with effect from 29 August 1998 as CASA has obtained commercial insurance covering the risks specified in the indemnity. The indemnity will still apply in relation to liabilities associated with acts or omissions that occurred before the date of revocation.
Federal Airports Corporation (FAC) — transfer of former contingent liabilities to the Commonwealth
As part of the wind‑up of the FAC, the Commonwealth assumed responsibility on 1 July 1998 for a contingent liability of the Corporation which relates to debtors of the FAC who are challenging the validity of network charges made under the Federal Airports Corporation Act 1986. If the network charging approach is found to be invalid, this raises the prospect of further claims from other airport users who have previously paid network based charges to the Corporation. There is no basis for quantifying potential claims.
Federal Airports Corporation — wind up 
On 24 September 1998 the Commonwealth assumed responsibility for all remaining assets, liabilities and contracts of the FAC on the wind‑up of the Corporation. Unpresented cheques of $2 million have been identified and provided for. There is no basis for quantifying any potential claims beyond this amount.
Maritime Industry Finance Company Ltd (MIFCo) — board members’ indemnity
Indemnities for MIFCo board members have been provided to protect against civil claims relating to employment and conduct as directors of MIFCo. These indemnities are unquantifiable and no expiry date has been set.
Sale of the Australian National Rail Commission (AN) and National Rail Corporation Ltd (NR)
An indemnity has been provided to all of the Commissioners of AN in respect of assistance in relation to the sale process. This includes the provision of information about AN at the request of the Commonwealth or its advisers for the purposes of the sale of the AN and its business units or assets.
An indemnity was issued to directors and specified officers of NR in relation to assistance provided to the Office of Asset Sales and Information Technology Outsourcing in the conduct of the scoping study. This indemnity was issued on 21 July 1997 and is a continuing one in respect of any liability that arises from the assistance provided before the expiry of the notice of completion from the Commonwealth.
Tripartite Deed relating to the sale of Core Regulated Airports
Tripartite Deeds apply to the 11 Core Regulated Airports (Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Canberra, Coolangatta, Townsville, Adelaide, Hobart, Launceston, Darwin and Alice Springs). The Tripartite Deeds between the Commonwealth of Australia, airport lessees and lessees’ financiers provide for the Commonwealth to ‘step‑in’ as airport operator in defined circumstances. The potential liability of the Commonwealth would vary considerably with the specific factors leading to such an action. If the Commonwealth entered into possession of an airport site it could seek to recover its costs from a number of sources, including airport revenues.
Treasury
Housing Loans Insurance Corporation (HLIC)
Indemnities were issued to certain directors of HLIC to indemnify them against all claims and losses, including legal costs incurred by the director in relation to his or her capacity as a member of HLIC. The indemnities are ongoing.
HLIC Limited
An adviser to the sale of HLIC Limited was appointed an agent of the Commonwealth on 4 December 1996 and, as a result, was extended ongoing protection against all losses and liabilities sustained in lawfully carrying out the Commonwealth’s instructions. The Commonwealth has undertaken to pay the legal costs incurred by HLIC Limited where HLIC Limited successfully defended any claim by transferred employees for wrongful dismissal. In the event the Commonwealth and HLIC Limited agree to settle any such claims, the Commonwealth undertakes to pay one‑half of the legal costs subject to specified conditions. The indemnity was issued on 14 December 1997 and terminates on 14 December 1998.
On 14 December 1997 a number of indemnities were issued to GE Capital Australia indemnifying GE Capital from claims made in relation to and/or losses arising from: redundancy by terminated transferred employees; pre and post sale superannuation entitlements by transferred employees; breach of warranties, pre‑closing liabilities and/or breach of Agreement; pre‑transfer date insurance contracts; pre‑transfer date tax liabilities; and audit costs regarding pre‑closing financial affairs of HLIC Limited. Any claims are subject to a cap of the sale price.

Appendix c:  Sensitivity of Fiscal Aggregates to Economic Developments
Table C1 provides a guide to the sensitivity of the forward estimates of outlays and revenue to variations in economic parameters in 1998‑99. It is important to recognise that the estimates presented in the table provide only a ‘rule of thumb’ indication of the impact on the budget of changes in economic parameters.
Table C1:  Sensitivity of Fiscal Aggregates to Changes in Economic Parameters

On the outlays side, the sensitivity analysis of the estimates provides for the following assumptions about changes to four broad groups of parameters:
•	prices — all price deflators are assumed to increase by one percentage point at the start of the March quarter 1999, with wage deflators left unchanged;
•	wages — wage and salary levels are assumed to increase by one percentage point from the beginning of the March quarter 1999, with price deflators left unchanged;
•	unemployment benefit recipients (includes Newstart Allowance and unemployed Youth Allowance recipients) — the total number of recipients is assumed to increase by five per cent from the beginning of the March quarter 1999; and
•	Safety Net Adjustment (SNA) — the SNA determined by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) is assumed to be $2 per week higher than estimated in each year from the beginning of the March quarter 1999.
For example, the number of unemployment benefit recipients, and therefore the total spending on benefits, is affected by economic growth and employment growth. However, the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment benefit recipients is highly variable and difficult to quantify. For this reason, Table C1 only includes the impact of changes in the number of unemployment benefit recipients (ie Newstart Allowance and unemployed Youth Allowance recipients) on the estimates.
The assumptions underlying the sensitivity of the revenue estimates to changes in prices and wages are identical to those used on the outlays side. In each case, the analysis presents the estimated effects of change in one economic variable only, and does not attempt to capture the linkages between economic variables that characterise changes in the economy more broadly.
The revenue effects of changes in employment and private final demand are based on the following assumptions:
•	employment  the level of employment is assumed to increase by one per cent from the beginning of the March quarter 1999, with no change in wages or the composition of the workforce; and
•	private final demand (consumption plus investment)  the level of private final demand is assumed to increase by one per cent from the beginning of the March quarter 1999, with no change in the composition of demand.
Changes in wages and employment feed through quickly into tax revenue largely through increases in PAYE tax collections. The personal income tax cuts, which come into effect from 2000‑01, cause some reduction in the sensitivity of revenue to changes in wages and employment.
Changes in private final demand affect the revenue predominantly through changes in sales tax and excise collections. The abolition of Wholesale Sales Tax from 2000‑01 means that changes in private final demand have a much lower impact on the revenue from that year.
Changes in prices affect revenue through changes in excise collections. Changes to excise arrangements announced in A New Tax System result in larger changes in excise collections for a given change in prices from 2000‑01 onwards. This is largely due to changes in the arrangements relating to business franchise fee replacement taxes.

Appendix D:  Statistics and Concepts
In presenting budget statistics, the standards established by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in its Government Finance Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods (Cat. No. 5514.0) are generally adopted. This standard draws on features of the 1968 United Nations publication A System of National Accounts (SNA) and the 1986 IMF publication A Manual on Government Finance Statistics. 
The Commonwealth, States and Territories have an agreed framework — the Uniform Presentation Framework (UPF) — for the consistent presentation of government financial information on a Government Finance Statistics (GFS) basis. The data provided in Appendix E are consistent with this framework.
SECTORAL CLASSIFICATIONS
As shown in Diagram 1, the Commonwealth public sector may be viewed in three ways:
•	non‑financial public and financial public sectors;
•	budget and non‑budget sectors; and
•	general government, public trading enterprise (PTE) and public financial enterprise (PFE) sectors.
Commonwealth PFEs, such as the Reserve Bank, are excluded from Commonwealth government statistics in this document.
Diagram 1:  Commonwealth Public Sector
	Budget classification	GFS Classification	
Non‑financial Public Sector	Budget Sector
(eg DETYA, DFAT)	General Government Sector
(includes budget sector and non‑budget general government entities)	
	Non‑budget Sector
—	Non‑budget General Government Sector (eg ABC, CSIRO)		
	—	PTE Sector
	(eg Australia Post)	PTE Sector
(eg Australia Post)	
Financial Public Sector	—	PFE Sector
	(eg Reserve Bank)	PFE Sector
(eg Reserve Bank)	

The term government business enterprise (GBE) is not an ABS concept but is used by the Commonwealth to describe a group of companies and authorities, located mainly in the PTE and PFE sectors, which trade goods and/or services in the market with a prime objective of earning a commercial return. Government trading enterprises is a term used in the Council of Australian Governments context and refers to the commercial activities of the Commonwealth, States and Territories.
Commonwealth Budget Sector
Traditionally, the budget and mid‑year statements have mainly presented transactions between the Commonwealth budget sector and other sectors of the economy, including transactions with non‑budget Commonwealth entities. The Commonwealth budget sector consists of those departments and agencies whose day‑to‑day transactions are recorded in the Commonwealth Public Account (CPA), whether via the Consolidated Revenue Fund, Loan Fund, Commercial Activities Fund or the Reserved Money Fund.
Transactions between budget sector agencies — such as payments of fringe benefits tax, customs duty and interdepartmental charges — are identified but netted out when calculating total budget outlays or revenue. Only transactions into and out of the CPA impact on budget outlays and revenue.
Excluded from the budget sector are many Commonwealth government authorities, such as CSIRO and the ABC, that operate outside the CPA through their own bank accounts. Although they may depend on appropriations from the Commonwealth budget in some cases, they are classified as part of the non‑budget sector. Budget payments to them are classified as transfers to the non‑budget sector. The ABS refers to this budget/non‑budget distinction as the administrative sector classification.
ABS Government Sectors
The ABS GFS provides an alternative classification which allocates government units according to their role in providing market or non‑market services. This approach recognises the different organisational focus of market oriented units by separating general government units that supply mainly non‑market services from PTEs and PFEs, which provide market goods and services.
This standardised classification system facilitates direct comparisons between governments in Australia and allows the impact of total government activity to be measured relative to other sectors of the economy.
Until recently, PFEs were regarded as outside the scope of ABS GFS. Following the inclusion by the ABS of PFE information in Government Financial Estimates 1998‑99 (Cat. No. 5501.0) in November 1998, all jurisdictions, under the UPF, will phase in historical PFE statistics. This will provide a more complete coverage of the public sector. Associated with this change is the reclassification of State central borrowing authorities to the PFE sector.
Since 1989‑90, effectively all budget sector activity has been classified to general government. The general government sector also includes non‑commercial government agencies that operate through private sector bank accounts, such as the ABC and CSIRO (referred to as the general government non‑budget sector).
Outlays, Revenue and Financing Transactions
Government sector transactions can be viewed from an economic perspective and categorised into underlying outlays, revenue, net advances and financing transactions. 
Underlying outlays exclude net advances (ie net policy lending and net equity transactions) from headline outlays. Except in relation to PTEs, underlying outlays measure the net cost of providing goods and services generally allocated through collective political choice rather than through the operation of the market.
User charges are offset against relevant payments in calculating underlying outlays. The alternative treatment of classifying user charges as revenue would increase both underlying outlays and revenue and inflate the reported cost of providing public goods and services.
Revenue is the primary means of funding government activities, with any shortfall funded through borrowings or a rundown of financial assets (financing transactions). It comprises tax receipts (net of refunds) and non‑tax receipts (interest, dividends etc) but excludes receipts from user charging, sale of assets and repayments of advances (loans and equity). Revenue therefore measures the value of the resources, other than borrowings, raised by a government to fund outlays.
The difference between total underlying outlays and revenue is the level of the reported underlying balance. The difference between headline outlays and revenue is the headline balance. The rationale for focussing on underlying outlays and balance measures is included in 1997‑98 Budget Paper No. 1.
Financing transactions do not affect either the headline or underlying balances and are referred to as below‑the‑line transactions. Underlying outlays and revenue transactions are referred to as above‑the‑line transactions. Financing transactions are undertaken to finance the headline deficit or invest the headline surplus. They consist of borrowings and changes in holdings of financial assets such as cash or investments (excluding advances).
CONSISTENCY wITH EXTERNAL REPORTING STANDARDS
This document has been developed to accord with public sector accounting standards and GFS concepts and methodology. The Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998 requires that departures from these external reporting standards be identified.
Data consistent with GFS are provided in tables contained in Appendix E. However, the ABS reclassification of net advances from capital outlays to financing transactions has not been incorporated in these tables.  Consequently, these tables show a separate adjustment for net advances to derive outlays and deficit estimates comparable to those provided in ABS GFS.
A revised version of the United Nations SNA was issued in 1993. In November and December 1998, the ABS incorporated this revised standard into their GFS and National Accounts statistics respectively. However, in order to maintain consistency with the 1998‑99 Budget, the Commonwealth has not implemented the revised standard in this document.
This document focuses mainly on budget sector data which depart from GFS or public sector accounting standards in the following respects:
•	as indicated above, budget sector data are not equivalent to general government data, as they omit non‑budget agencies such as the ABC;
•	exclusion of net advances (paid) from outlays in ABS GFS is consistent with the exclusion of net advances (paid) in the underlying budget outlays data, but not in the headline budget outlays data;
•	to maintain consistency with the public net lending concept in the National Accounts (on the SNA 1968 basis), underlying balance measures used in this document do not take account of certain payments such as PTE superannuation provisions by the Commonwealth budget sector. These items — increases in provisions — are classified as financing transactions. While ABS GFS statistics also classify these payments as financing transactions (ie not outlays), they do take account of these transactions to derive their deficit estimates;  and
•	the treatment of finance leases in budget sector data differs from that set out in Australian Accounting Standard 17. Under that standard, the asset and liability associated with a finance lease are brought to account in the financial records of the lessee. A finance lease is recognised where substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership pass to the lessee.
Budget sector data have been adjusted for these differences to derive the general government sector data presented in Appendix E.

appendix E:  COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT SECTOR STATISTICS
In accordance with the requirements of the Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998, and the Uniform Presentation Framework (UPF) for the consistent presentation of financial information, this appendix provides, on a Government Finance Statistics (GFS) basis consistent with the 1998‑99 Budget:
•	budget and forward estimates for the Commonwealth general government underlying balance and its major components; 
•	equivalent budget year data for the Commonwealth public trading enterprise (PTE) sector and consolidated non‑financial public sector; and
•	the Commonwealth's Loan Council Allocation (LCA).
Commonwealth General Government Sector
This section presents estimates of the underlying balance — and the revenue and outlays components — for the Commonwealth general government sector. A description of this sector and its relationship to the budget sector can be found in Appendix D.
Table E1 is presented on the same basis as the budget sector estimates provided elsewhere in this document in order to provide an estimate of the underlying balance broadly consistent with the public net lending concept in the national accounts (on the SNA 1968 basis). Estimates for underlying balances in Table E1 will differ from the deficit estimates in Table E2 because the former do not take account of increases in provisions (see discussion in Appendix D).
Table E1:  Summary of General Government Aggregates ($m)

Table E1 shows that the Commonwealth general government sector underlying balance is expected to be in surplus in 1998‑99, consistent with movements in the budget sector. The general government sector underlying balance is projected to remain in surplus throughout the forward years.
Government Finance Statistics
This section presents Commonwealth financial data on a GFS basis, consistent with the UPF. Three statistical tables are presented on the following pages, showing transactions by economic type for the Commonwealth general government, PTE and consolidated non‑financial public sectors. The tables were produced by the Department of Finance and Administration in consultation with the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The ABS sign convention is adopted, where a negative deficit represents a surplus. This is in contrast to the presentation of the budget balance elsewhere in this document where a negative balance represents a deficit.
As discussed in Appendix D, a revised version of the United Nations SNA was issued in 1993. In their recently released Government Financial Estimates 1998‑99 (Cat. No. 5501.0), the ABS incorporated this revised standard into their GFS and National Accounts statistics. This revised standard affects the treatment of defence capital expenditure, fees and fines revenue, and non‑cash personal benefit payments, but it has no net impact on the underlying balance. To maintain consistency with the 1998‑99 Budget the Commonwealth has not implemented the revised standard in the tables on the following pages. It is proposed that the revised standard will be implemented in the 1999‑2000 Budget.
Consistent with ABS practice, transactions between the Commonwealth general government and PTE sectors are included in Tables E2 and E3 but are removed from Table E4 as they are internal transactions within the Commonwealth non‑financial public sector. Table E4 records the net operating surplus of the PTE sector as part of the revenue of the Commonwealth government sector. This is irrespective of whether that net operating surplus is actually remitted to the parent government.
Transactions between the Commonwealth non‑financial and public financial enterprise (PFE) sectors are included in all tables. These transactions include income transfers such as dividends paid to general government, net advances paid by general government to PFEs and taxes paid by PFEs. Any unremitted elements of PFE net operating surplus are excluded from Table E4.
The general government deficit adjusted for net advances shown in Table E2 differs from the underlying deficit measure used elsewhere in this document in that it is adjusted for increases in provisions in respect of PTE superannuation. The two measures also differ as a result of the different treatment of certain transactions noted in Appendix D.
Net debt in GFS is the excess of gross debt (including deposits held, advances received and other borrowings) over selected financial assets (including cash and deposits, advances paid and other lending). The net debt measure is limited in that it does not include accrued employee liabilities, other financial assets and liabilities (particularly equity holdings), and physical assets.
The net debt data in Tables E2 to E4 are based on historical capital values, with movements driven principally by cash transactions such as borrowings and receipts of equity sales. Net debt is calculated as the stock of net debt in the previous year plus the deficit adjusted for net advances plus net equity transactions. The 1997‑98 base net debt figures have been obtained from the ABS publication Public Sector Financial Assets and Liabilities 1998 (Cat. No. 5513.0).
Table E2:  Economic Transactions of Commonwealth Government ($m)

(a)	The general government sector is the combination of the budget and non‑budget sectors after elimination of transactions internal to that sector and adjustments to the budget sector as outlined in Appendix D.
(b)	Includes an allowance for parameter revisions contained in the budget sector contingency reserve.

Table E3:  Economic Transactions of Commonwealth Government ($m)

Table E4:  Economic Transactions of Commonwealth Government ($m)

(a)	The Consolidated Commonwealth sector is the combination of the general government and PTE sectors after elimination of transactions internal to that sector.

LOAN COUNCIL
Table E5 presents a revised estimate of the Commonwealth’s 1998‑99 LCA, updating the budget time estimate provided in 1998‑99 Budget Paper No. 3, Federal Financial Relations. LCAs are on a headline rather than an underlying basis as they seek to measure a government’s call on financial markets. The fall in the Commonwealth’s estimated 1998‑99 LCA surplus since budget time mainly reflects a change in the timing of the sale of the Government’s remaining equity in Telstra. Consequently, the Commonwealth expects to exceed the upper bound of the 2 per cent of revenue tolerance limit that applies on either side of its budget time LCA estimate.
Table E5:  Commonwealth’s Loan Council Allocation for 1998‑99 ($m)

(a)	Memorandum items are used to adjust the deficit/surplus to include in LCAs certain transactions — such as operating leases — that have many of the characteristics of public sector borrowings but do not constitute formal borrowings. They are also used, where appropriate, to deduct from the public sector deficit/surplus certain transactions that Loan Council has agreed should not be included in LCAs — for example, the funding of more than employers’ emerging costs under public sector superannuation schemes, the GFS deficit/surplus of States’ central borrowing authorities, or borrowings by entities such as statutory marketing authorities.
	For the Commonwealth, memorandum items comprise the change in net present value of operating leases (with a net present value greater than $5 million) of departments and authorities, and adjustments to exclude the net financing requirement of statutory marketing authorities and Telstra Corporation Ltd from the LCA. Loan Council has agreed to exempt Telstra from its monitoring and reporting arrangements on commerciality grounds. A memorandum item adjustment has also been made to include the net financing requirement of the Australian National University in the LCA, as this figure is no longer included in the GFS deficit/surplus for the Commonwealth.
(b)	The Commonwealth expects to sign a contract in 1998‑99 for an infrastructure project with private sector involvement. The Government has approved the redevelopment of the Immigration Detention Centre (IDC) at Villawood in Sydney. The initiative will provide a new, more secure and cost‑efficient facility which will have a capacity in the order of 350 detainees.
	It is intended that the construction work be undertaken by Australasian Correctional Services (ACS), a consortium 50 per cent owned by Thiess Contractors. ACS was selected in 1997 as the result of an exhaustive tender process to provide immigration detention and transport services to the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. The tender evaluation process specifically covered infrastructure development capabilities.
	It is proposed to place the financing, ownership and maintenance of the new facility in the private sector.
	The redevelopment cost is estimated to be in the order of $40 million. The total project cost, the financing and contractual arrangements, and the Government liability under termination provisions of the contract are yet to be determined.