Part I:  Commonwealth Budget Outcome
Overview
In 2001‑02 the Commonwealth general government sector recorded a small underlying cash deficit of $1.3 billion, or 0.2 per cent of GDP. This was $0.1 billion greater than estimated at the time the 2002‑03 Budget was brought down. The accrual fiscal deficit of $3.7 billion (0.5 per cent of GDP) was $0.7 billion larger than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget.
Commonwealth net debt declined by a further $3.7 billion in 2001-02.  This represents the fifth consecutive year that Commonwealth net debt has been reduced.
Table 1:  Commonwealth general government sector budget aggregates(a)

(a)	All estimates are based on Government Finance Statistics (GFS) standards, but with goods and services tax revenue collected on behalf of the States and Territories netted off revenue and expenses.

In relation to revenue, total cash receipts were around $1.5 billion lower than expected at the 2002‑03 Budget. This was predominantly due to lower than expected income tax withholding receipts, indicating more subdued underlying wages growth than anticipated at Budget. Total accrual revenue was $0.8 billion below the 2002‑03 Budget estimates.
On the expenditure side, total cash payments were $1.4 billion lower than anticipated at the 2002‑03 Budget, partly reflecting some slippage of defence expenditure and lower than expected spending on various personal benefit payments (including lower unemployment benefit payments) and a number of health programmes.
In contrast to cash expenditure, accrual expenses were only $0.3 billion lower than expected at the 2002‑03 Budget. The smaller reduction was partly due to the recognition in accrual terms of the Commonwealth’s liabilities associated with measures to address disruption in the medical indemnity industry. The Prime Minister announced these measures following the Budget, in late May 2002. The associated liabilities, which are estimated to total up to $0.5 billion, will be funded by a future levy on medical practitioners.
Commonwealth general government sector net debt fell by $3.7 billion in 2001-02 to $35.6 billion (5.0 per cent of GDP). This reduction was $3.3 billion larger than anticipated at the 2002‑03 Budget, primarily because of the full receipt of cash proceeds from the sale of Sydney Airport Corporation Limited in 2001‑02 instead of 2002‑03.
Revenue
In underlying terms, total Commonwealth accrual revenue in 2001‑02 was around $8 billion (5 per cent) higher than for 2000‑01. This outcome compares with nominal GDP growth over the year of 6.5 per cent. 
However, the 2001‑02 total Commonwealth accrual revenue outcome of $162.4 billion was around $800 million below the 2002‑03 Budget estimate. There are several factors, which explain the lower than expected outcome for 2001‑02. 
•	Gross income tax withholding was $1,118 million (or 1.4 per cent) lower than expected at Budget. This appears to be more in line with the subdued increase in the Wage Cost Index for 2001‑02 than the National Accounts measure of compensation of employees, which showed relatively strong growth over the year.
•	Company tax revenue was $347 million (or 1.3 per cent) lower than estimated at Budget. 
•	Taxation refunds to individuals were $287 million higher than expected at Budget, reducing overall revenue by a corresponding amount.
•	Superannuation funds revenue was $109 million lower than expected, largely due to higher than expected refunds paid in May and June.
These lower than expected outcomes were partly offset by higher outcomes in other heads of revenue.
•	Gross other individuals revenue was $511 million above the Budget estimate. 
•	Customs duty was $210 million above the Budget estimate, reflecting higher than expected issuance of Automotive Competitiveness and Investment Scheme (ACIS) credits. 
•	Excise duty was $130 million higher than expected due to stronger than expected collections of excise from the sale of diesel, unleaded petrol, tobacco and crude oil. 

Table 2:  Commonwealth general government revenue (accrual basis)

(a)	Includes Medicare levy revenue of $4,970 million.
(b)	Includes Pay As You Go (Withholding) and other withholding. Other withholding includes amounts withheld for failure to quote a Tax File Number or an Australian Business Number, interest, dividends and royalty payments to non‑residents, and payments to aboriginal groups for the use of land for mineral exploration and mining.
(c)	Includes the wine equalisation tax, luxury car tax and the final wholesale sales tax liability.
(d)	Consistent with Government Finance Statistics (GFS) reporting standards, excludes fringe benefits tax collected from Commonwealth government agencies ($360 million in 2001‑02).
Expenses
Total accrual expenses were $166.5 billion in 2001‑02, a reduction of $274 million from the estimate provided in the 2002‑03 Budget. This reduction is largely the result of:
•	slippage of around $450 million in acquisitions of defence specialist military equipment;
•	lower personal benefit expenses of $422 million, partly reflecting lower than forecast final customer numbers across a number of programmes including Newstart Allowance and Parenting payments;
•	lower notional interest superannuation expenses largely due to lower than expected earnings rates for public non‑financial corporation superannuation schemes ($233 million); and
•	lower personal benefit expenses of $224 million in part due to lower than forecast Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) demand for the recently listed COX2 group of anti‑arthritis drugs (such as Celebrex) and the anti‑smoking drug Zyban, and the impact on the PBS of lower than anticipated uptake of the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card. Over 2001‑02 PBS expenses grew by around $400 million. 
These lower expenses were partly offset by:
•	an increase in the amount of general budget assistance paid to the States and Territories ($549 million) largely due to final GST collections being $532 million lower than expected at Budget. The lower GST outcome partly reflects higher than anticipated payments of cash refunds by the ATO in 2001‑02; and
•	a $501 million expense relating to the Commonwealth’s commitment to assume liability for all currently unfunded incurred but not yet reported liabilities (IBNRs) of Medical Defence Organisations (MDOs). This commitment was announced by the Government subsequent to the 2002‑03 Budget.

Table 3:  Commonwealth general government expenses by function 

Net capital investment
Net capital investment was $181 million higher than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget, largely due to higher than budgeted Defence inventory purchases to maintain stock levels needed for increased capability for overseas deployments in 2001‑02 ($293 million).
This is partially offset by:
•	delays in the construction of a replacement nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights due to the requirement to carry out geological investigations ($64 million); and
•	delays in the construction of an immigration reception and processing centre on Christmas Island ($75 million).
Table 4: Commonwealth general government net capital investment by function

Net debt and net worth
The level of Commonwealth general government net debt fell to $35.6 billion at the end of 2001‑02. Since 1996‑97, $60.7 billion of net debt has been repaid. The fall in net debt in 2001‑02 was $3.3 billion greater than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget, mainly reflecting the earlier than expected full receipt of proceeds from the sale of Sydney Airport Corporation Limited in late June 2002. Net debt fell to 5 per cent of GDP in 2001‑02 compared with a high of over 19 per cent in 1995‑96.
Commonwealth general government net worth fell from ‑$41.2 billion in 2000‑01 to ‑$47.0 billion in 2001‑02. This reduction was due mainly to a fall in the Telstra share price over the year to 30 June 2002, reducing the market value of the Commonwealth’s shareholding.
Net interest payments in 2001‑02 were higher than anticipated at the 2002‑03 Budget. This partly reflects higher than anticipated interest payments by the ATO on overpaid taxation and lower than expected earnings on Commonwealth investments. The greater than expected fall in net debt did not have a large impact on net interest payments as it occurred late in the financial year. 
Table 5:  Commonwealth general government net worth, net debt and net interest payments

(a)	Net debt equals the sum of deposits held, advances received, government securities, loans and other borrowings, minus the sum of cash and deposits, advances paid, and investments, loans and placements.
(b)	Commonwealth cash interest payments less cash interest receipts.

Cash flows
The 2001‑02 underlying cash balance was a deficit of $1.3 billion, $0.1 billion higher than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget. This balance was the result of lower than anticipated cash receipts ($1.5 billion), which more than offset the lower than estimated cash payments ($1.4 billion).
Table 6:  Summary of Commonwealth general government cash flows(a)

(a)	Cash flows are derived from the accrual GFS framework excluding GST.
(b)	Equivalent to cash receipts from the sale of non‑financial assets in the GFS cash flow statement.
(c)	Equivalent to cash payments for purchases of new and second‑hand non‑financial assets in the GFS cash flow statement.
(d)	The acquisition of assets under finance leases reduces the underlying cash balance. The disposal of assets previously held under finance leases improves the underlying cash balance.
(e)	Under the cash budgeting framework, these cash flows were referred to as 'net advances'.

Total Commonwealth cash receipts were $162.5 billion in 2001‑02, around $1.5 billion lower than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget, compared with the accrual revenue outcome which was around $800 million lower than the Budget estimate. This divergence between the cash and accrual outcomes largely represents the difference between when accrual taxation revenue is recognised (such as by the issue of an assessment) and when it is paid. For example, accrual revenue from gross other individuals (mostly small business) was $511 million higher than anticipated at Budget, but only $75 million of this increase was paid in 2001‑02.
The shortfall in cash against Budget expectations reflects:
•	lower than expected collections of gross income tax withholding (ITW) ($1,307 million);
•	higher individuals refunds than estimated in the 2002‑03 Budget ($287 million);
•	lower than expected fringe benefits tax collections ($138 million); and
•	lower than expected collections from superannuation funds ($87 million), due to higher than anticipated refunds in the June quarter 2002.
These outcomes were partly offset by higher than expected collections from company tax ($130 million), excise duty ($116 million) and gross other individuals ($75 million).
Total Commonwealth cash payments were $163.9 billion in 2001‑02, $1.4 billion lower than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget. This compares with lower than expected accrual expenses and net capital investment of $0.1 billion. While many of the differences in expenses from Budget were also reflected in similar cash differences, there were some major areas where the cash and accrual outcomes diverged. These largely explain why the shortfall in cash payments was greater than the corresponding accrual shortfall. They include:
•	recognition of a $501 million expense relating to the Commonwealth’s assumption of unfunded IBNR liabilities of Medical Defence Organisations (cash payments under the IBNR scheme are not expected to occur until 2002‑03);
•	the shortfall in cash payments by Defence relative to expectations at Budget was $250 million greater than the shortfall in expenses. This largely reflects timing issues between the recognition and payment of suppliers;
•	higher subsidy expenses reflecting higher than expected issuance of ACIS credits ($182 million). ACIS credits are used by exporters of Australian automotive products to pay customs duty and have no associated cash effects; and
•	lower than expected lump sum civilian superannuation cash payments for CSS and PSS members, reflecting changing composition of member benefits, including a reduced impact from public sector redundancies ($120 million).
The 2001‑02 headline cash balance was a surplus of $2.2 billion, $4.0 billion greater than estimated at the 2002‑03 Budget. The higher than anticipated outcome was primarily the result of the full proceeds from the sale of Sydney Airport Corporation Limited being received in 2001‑02 instead of 2002‑03.

Attachment A
External reporting standards
The Commonwealth Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998 requires that the Final Budget Outcome be based on external reporting standards, and that departures from applicable external reporting standards be identified.
The major external standards used in the Final Budget Outcome are the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) accrual Government Finance Statistics (GFS) framework and Australian accounting standards, including Australian Accounting Standard No. 31 Financial Reporting by Governments (AAS31).
The GFS framework requires that flows and stocks are valued at current market prices (or where these are not observable, a suitable proxy indicator). While this is the case for flows in the operating statement and the cash flow statement, not all assets and liabilities in the GFS balance sheet are currently valued at current market prices. This is principally because Australian accounting standards allow reporting entities to elect to value their assets at either cost or fair value (current market value). The accounting profession is considering general valuation issues relating to liabilities. In addition, the early years of accrual budgeting have focussed on preparing robust GFS operating and cash flow statements. Refinements to the GFS balance sheet valuations of assets and liabilities will be considered over time, in consultation with the ABS, as the new framework is bedded down.
The draft ABS GFS publication (Australian System of Government Finance Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods Cat. No. 5514.0) requires that provisions for bad and doubtful debts be excluded from the balance sheet. This treatment has not been adopted because excluding such provisions would overstate the value of Commonwealth assets in the balance sheet (and would therefore be inconsistent with the market valuation principle).
The Commonwealth revenue and expenses outcomes in Parts I and III and Appendices B and C do not include goods and services tax (GST) collections and equivalent payments to the States. Under the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Reform of Commonwealth‑State Financial Relations (the IGA), all GST receipts are appropriated to the States and Territories and thus are not available for expenditure by the Commonwealth. Because the Commonwealth collects GST as an agent for the States and Territories, GST receipts are not shown as Commonwealth revenue. GST cash receipts are provided in Note 15 of Part III.
In order to ensure the reporting of reliable budget estimates and outcomes, taxation revenue is recognised the earlier of when an assessment of a tax liability is made or cash payment is received by the Australian Tax Office or the Australian Customs Service. Accordingly, for most categories of taxation revenue, there is a short lag between when the revenue is recognised and the time at which the underlying income (or economic activity) giving rise to the tax liability occurs. Longer lags, of up to a year, occur for some elements of company and superannuation funds taxation.
Additional information on the external reporting standards and budget concepts is provided in Appendix A.